An Indelible Source feature
What Would the World Look Like Without It?
Choose a contribution and imagine it absent. Each profile walks you through the areas that might have developed differently, and names plainly what the record cannot prove.
These are guided reflections, not historical claims. No single person created every system that now depends on their work, and alternative inventors, earlier research and independent discoveries could have changed the path. The value is in holding the distinction carefully.
A worked example
Remove the mathematical work behind satellite positioning
Dr. Gladys West contributed mathematical and computational work to models of Earth’s shape that later supported GPS. Follow the scenario through navigation, emergency response, air travel, shipping, agriculture, weather systems, mapping and phones, and see where the reasoning has to stop.
Begin with GPS1045 profiles
Sports & Athletics
Aaron, Hank
Broke Babe Ruth's career home run record amid a barrage of racist threats
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Abbott, Robert Sengstacke
Founded the Chicago Defender in 1905 with a 25-cent investment, building it into the most influential Black newspaper in the country and a primary catalyst of the Great Migration of roughly 1.5 million Black Southerners northward
Imagine it never happened
Technology & Engineering
Abebe, Rediet
Algorithmic fairness research
Imagine it never happened
Architecture & Design
Abele, Julian Francis
Chief designer responsible for over 30 Duke University buildings and major East Coast institutional landmarks
Imagine it never happened
AI & Social Media
Aboyeji, Iyinoluwa
Co-founded Andela (2014) and Flutterwave (2016), two of the small number of African tech companies to reach “unicorn” billion-dollar valuations, then founded Future Africa, a venture platform that has backed more than 100 African startups
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Achilefu, Samuel
Pioneered near-infrared fluorescence imaging and led development of wearable Cancer Vision Goggles for image-guided surgery
Imagine it never happened
Military & Safety
Adams Earley, Charity Edna
First Black woman commissioned as an officer in the Women's Army Corps; commanded the only Black women's unit to serve overseas in World War II
Imagine it never happened
Education
Adams, Osceola Macarthy
Co-founded Delta Sigma Theta Sorority in 1913; pioneering Black actress and acting teacher who performed under the stage name Osceola Archer
Imagine it never happened
Technology & Engineering
Adkins, Rodney
IBM's first African American corporate officer and Senior Vice President (2007); an engineering and development leader who helped launch the IBM ThinkPad and led IBM's Systems & Technology Group; inducted into the National Academy of Engineering (2005)
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Ailey, Alvin Jr.
Founded the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in 1958, creating a lasting home for Black dancers and choreographing 'Revelations,' one of the most performed ballets in the world
Imagine it never happened
AI & Social Media
Aina, Jackie
Built one of YouTube's most influential beauty channels while stationed as a U.S. Army reservist, then used her platform to force major cosmetics brands including Too Faced to expand foundation shade ranges for darker skin tones
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Ajao, Adeyemi
Co-founded Base10 Partners, the first Black-led venture capital firm to manage over $1 billion in assets
Imagine it never happened
AI & Social Media
Ajayi Jones, Luvvie
Built AwesomelyLuvvie.com, launched in 2006, into one of the internet's most influential culture-commentary blogs, growing it into a four-time New York Times bestselling book career and a TED Talk viewed more than 9 million times
Imagine it never happened
Agriculture & Food
Albius, Edmond
Invented the hand-pollination technique for vanilla orchids at age 12, the method still used to produce roughly 80% of the world's vanilla today
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Alcindor, Yamiche Léone
Served as PBS NewsHour’s White House correspondent from 2018 to 2022, becoming a leading chronicler of the Trump and early Biden presidencies before succeeding her mentor Gwen Ifill, also profiled in this collection, as moderator of PBS’s Washington Week
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Alcorn, George Edward Jr.
Imaging X-ray spectrometer fabrication method
Imagine it never happened
Technology & Engineering
Alexander, Archie
Civil engineering for roads and bridges
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Alexander, Claudia
Planetary science mission leadership
Imagine it never happened
Household & Domestic Inventions
Alexander, Nathaniel
Improved folding chair with a pivoting, integrated book rest, designed for churches, Sunday schools, auditoriums, and choirs
Imagine it never happened
Sports & Athletics
Ali, Muhammad
Three-time heavyweight boxing champion; refused induction into the U.S. military on religious grounds, becoming a defining and contested figure of the Vietnam War era
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Allen, Byron
Built Allen Media Group from a single bartered celebrity-interview show into a multibillion-dollar media empire spanning broadcast television stations, cable networks, The Weather Channel, and a controlling stake in BuzzFeed, making him one of the wealthiest Black media owners in American history
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Allen, Debbie (Deborah Kaye)
Tony-winning choreographer and dancer who served as principal choreographer of 'Fame'; founded the Debbie Allen Dance Academy in 2001, training thousands of young dancers regardless of financial background
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Allen, Eliza
Only woman listed on the founding charter of the first chartered African American-owned bank in the United States
Imagine it never happened
Law & Civil Rights
Allen, Macon Bolling
First African American lawyer in the United States (1844); among the earliest Black judicial officeholders (Justice of the Peace, 1847)
Imagine it never happened
Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Allen, Richard
Founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first independent Black religious denomination in the United States; became its first bishop
Imagine it never happened
Transportation
Allen, Thomas C.
Co-completed the first transcontinental flight by Black pilots in U.S. history, serving as mechanic and co-pilot alongside James Herman Banning
Imagine it never happened
Agriculture & Food
Allen, Will
Founded Growing Power in 1995, pioneering low-cost urban aquaponics, vermiculture, and composting techniques that turned Milwaukee's last surviving city farm into a model replicated by urban agriculture programs nationwide
Imagine it never happened
Visual Arts
Alston, Charles Henry
First African American supervisor for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Art Project; created the first image of an African American displayed at the White House
Imagine it never happened
Household & Domestic Inventions
Ammons, Virgie
Fireplace throat damper
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Amos, Harold
Microbiology research and mentorship
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Amos, Wally
Entrepreneur who founded Famous Amos Cookies, opened the first Famous Amos cookie store in Los Angeles in 1975, and helped turn gourmet chocolate-chip cookies into a nationally marketed consumer brand.
Imagine it never happened
Military & Safety
Anderson, C. Alfred 'Chief'
Founded and directed the Civilian Pilot Training Program that produced the Tuskegee Airmen
Imagine it never happened
Education
Anderson, Claud
Authored 'PowerNomics: The National Plan to Empower Black America' and 'Black Labor, White Wealth,' influential books on Black economic self-sufficiency and group economics; held senior federal and state economic development posts
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Anderson, Marian
One of the finest contraltos of the twentieth century and a landmark civil-rights figure; the first Black singer to perform with the Metropolitan Opera, whose 1939 open-air concert at the Lincoln Memorial, after she was barred from Constitution Hall because of her race, became a defining moment of the era.
Imagine it never happened
Literature & Writing
Angelou, Maya
Author of 'I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings'; first African American woman to recite an original poem at a U.S. presidential inauguration
Imagine it never happened
Military & Safety
Archer, Lee
Fighter combat operations; flying ace credentials
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Arinzeh, Treena Livingston
Developed the first Tissue Engineering and Applied Biomaterials Laboratory at the New Jersey Institute of Technology
Imagine it never happened
Education
Armstrong, Byron Kenneth
Co-founded Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity in 1911; earned a PhD and built a career as a professor and academic dean across multiple universities
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Armstrong, Louis Daniel
Transformed jazz from collective ensemble playing into a soloist's art form through his revolutionary 1920s Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings, establishing the trumpet as jazz's premier solo instrument and pioneering scat singing, while later becoming, as “Satchmo,” one of the most beloved entertainers in American history
Imagine it never happened
Education
Asante, Molefi Kete (Arthur Lee Smith Jr.)
Coined the theory of Afrocentricity; founded the first PhD program in African American Studies in the United States at Temple University in 1988
Imagine it never happened
Household & Domestic Inventions
Ashbourne, Alexander P.
Spring-loaded biscuit/cake cutter (hinged molding board with interchangeable shaped plates to cut a whole batch at once); pioneering processes for refining, treating, and preparing coconut oil for domestic use
Imagine it never happened
Sports & Athletics
Ashe, Arthur
First Black man to win the U.S. Open, Australian Open, and Wimbledon men's singles titles
Imagine it never happened
Military & Safety
Augusta, Alexander T.
First African-American physician commissioned as an officer in the U.S. Army
Imagine it never happened
Technology & Engineering
Austin, Wanda M.
Aerospace and systems engineering: satellite and payload system acquisition, systems engineering, and system simulation for national-security space programs
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Awotona, Tope
Founded Calendly, a widely used scheduling software platform
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Bailey, DeFord
Harmonica virtuoso, singer, and songwriter widely recognized as country music's first African American star and the first Black performer on the Grand Ole Opry; his train-imitating showpiece 'Pan American Blues' was the first tune played the night the program took the name 'Grand Ole Opry.'
Imagine it never happened
Household & Domestic Inventions
Bailey, Leonard C.
Folding cabinet bed (U.S. Patent 629,286, 1899), adopted by the U.S. Army; also patented an Army-adopted hernia truss and a rapid mail-stamping machine, and co-founded Washington's Capitol Savings Bank
Imagine it never happened
Agriculture & Food
Bailey, Mashama
Executive chef and partner of The Grey, a celebrated Savannah restaurant built inside a formerly segregated Greyhound bus terminal; first African American chef to star in Netflix's 'Chef's Table'; two-time James Beard Award winner including the organization's top Outstanding Chef honor
Imagine it never happened
Architecture & Design
Bailey, Walter T.
First African American graduate of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's architectural engineering program
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Baker, Henry E.
Compiled the first comprehensive list of African-American patent holders; published The Colored Inventor (1913)
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Baker, Josephine
Internationally celebrated entertainer, French military intelligence operative and Resistance supporter, decorated Free French servicewoman, and civil rights activist.
Imagine it never happened
Military & Safety
Baker, Vernon Joseph
Received the Medal of Honor in 1997 for valor at Castle Aghinolfi, Italy, in April 1945, one of seven Black WWII veterans whose Distinguished Service Crosses were upgraded after a 1990s Army-commissioned study found systemic racial discrimination had denied Black soldiers fair consideration for the medal during the war
Imagine it never happened
Literature & Writing
Baldwin, James
Author of 'Go Tell It on the Mountain' and 'The Fire Next Time'; one of the first major Black writers to write openly about homosexuality
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Ball, Alice Augusta
Injectable chaulmoogra oil technique for leprosy treatment
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Ball, James Presley
Built one of the first successful African American-owned photography studios in the country, operating “Ball’s Great Daguerrean Gallery of the West” in Cincinnati from 1849 and photographing subjects from Frederick Douglass to Queen Victoria over a 50-year, coast-to-coast career
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Banks, William Venoid
Dr. William V. Banks and the International Free and Accepted Modern Masons established WGPR-TV 62 in Detroit, which began broadcasting on September 29, 1975, as the first African American owned and operated television station in the United States.
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Banneker, Benjamin
Almanac authorship; wooden clock construction; land surveying
Imagine it never happened
Transportation
Banning, James Herman
First African American to be licensed as a pilot by the U.S. government; co-completed the first transcontinental flight by Black pilots
Imagine it never happened
Literature & Writing
Baraka, Amiri
Poetry, drama, fiction, and jazz/blues criticism; the play 'Dutchman' (1964), poetry collections 'Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note' (1961) and 'The Dead Lecturer' (1964), and the music history 'Blues People' (1963)
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Barboza, Anthony
Built a five-decade commercial and fine-art photography career after joining the Kamoinge Workshop in 1963 as its youngest member, later serving as the collective’s president from 2005 to 2016 and co-editing its landmark 2015 history, Timeless: Photographs by Kamoinge
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Barden, Don Hamilton
First African American to own and operate a major urban cable television system, building Barden Cablevision into a Detroit-area system serving 120,000 subscribers before selling it to Comcast for over $100 million; became the first African American to wholly own casino operations in Las Vegas
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Barnett, Claude Albert
Founded the Associated Negro Press in 1919, the first sustained national and international wire service built specifically for Black newspapers, which at its peak supplied news, columns, and photographs to roughly 200 African American publications across the United States, the West Indies, and Africa
Imagine it never happened
Architecture & Design
Bartholomew, Joseph M. Sr.
Pioneering Black golf course designer in New Orleans
Imagine it never happened
Technology & Engineering
Bashen, Janet
Web-based EEO investigative software (LinkLine)
Imagine it never happened
Visual Arts
Basquiat, Jean-Michel
Neo-expressionist painting and drawing; raw, gestural works mixing graffiti-style imagery, scrawled text, and symbols, referencing African American historical figures, anatomy, jazz, and street culture
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Bass, Charlotta Amanda Spears
Became the first African American woman to own and operate a newspaper in the United States, running the California Eagle for nearly four decades, then became the first Black woman nominated for U.S. vice president in 1952
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Bassett, Angela
Acclaimed actress whose commanding performances across four decades broke new ground for Black women in Hollywood; the first performer to earn an Academy Award acting nomination for a role in a Marvel Studios film, and the recipient of an Academy Honorary Award for lifetime achievement.
Imagine it never happened
Architecture & Design
Bates, Robert Charles
First African American author of an architecture textbook; first Black architecture teacher at an HBCU
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Bath, Patricia
Laserphaco Probe for cataract surgery
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Battey, Cornelius Marion “C.M.”
Produced the definitive early-20th-century studio portraits of Black leaders including the now-iconic 1918 image of W.E.B. Du Bois, then founded and headed the photography department at Tuskegee Institute from 1916 until his death
Imagine it never happened
Transportation
Beard, Andrew
Improved automatic railroad car coupler (Janney coupler design)
Imagine it never happened
Visual Arts
Bearden, Romare Howard
Pioneering collage artist whose layered, photomontage-based works became some of the most acclaimed depictions of African American life in 20th-century American art
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Beavers, George Allen Jr.
Co-founded Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company; secured the 500 prepaid policy applications required for its incorporation
Imagine it never happened
Law & Civil Rights
Bedford, Louis A. Jr.
First African American judge in Dallas County, Texas
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Bedou, Arthur Paul
Served as Booker T. Washington’s personal photographer from 1908 until Washington’s 1915 death, then built a nearly six-decade career as one of New Orleans’s leading studio photographers, documenting Black Creole family life, Xavier University, and the city’s Catholic institutions
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Belafonte, Harry (Harold George Bellanfanti Jr.)
Popularized calypso music with the first album by any artist to sell over a million copies; one of Martin Luther King Jr.'s closest confidants, financially backing the civil rights movement and personally supporting King's family
Imagine it never happened
Mathematics
Bell, Charles B. Jr.
Statistics and probability; nonparametric (distribution-free) statistics, stochastic processes, and measure theory
Imagine it never happened
Education
ben-Jochannan, Yosef Alfredo Antonio
Prolific self-published author and lecturer on African and Egyptian history who influenced generations of Afrocentric scholars and students, though his claimed advanced academic credentials were directly contradicted by the institutions involved and several of his specific historical claims have been documented as factually impossible
Imagine it never happened
Household & Domestic Inventions
Benjamin, Miriam
Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Benjamin, Regina
Family medicine and public health; as Surgeon General, championed prevention, healthy/fit-nation initiatives, breastfeeding support, and health equity for underserved communities
Imagine it never happened
AI & Social Media
Benjamin, Ruha
Coined the concept of the “New Jim Code” in her 2019 book Race After Technology, a framework for understanding how supposedly neutral algorithms and AI systems encode and amplify racial bias
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Bennett, Lerone Jr.
Spent more than fifty years at Johnson Publishing Company’s Ebony magazine, rising to executive editor, and used its pages to publish groundbreaking popular history, above all Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America (1962), that made him the era’s most widely read chronicler of the African American past
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Berry, Charles Edward Anderson “Chuck”
Refined rhythm and blues into the defining sound of rock and roll through songs including “Maybellene,” “Roll Over Beethoven,” and “Johnny B. Goode,” earning the title “Father of Rock and Roll” and becoming one of the genre's first inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Berry, Halle
First, and to date only, Black woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Berry, Leonidas
Gastroscope development and gastroenterology pioneering work
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Berry, Simon
Founded one of the first Black-owned transportation businesses in Tulsa, including taxi, bus, and charter aviation services
Imagine it never happened
Education
Bethune, Mary McLeod
Founded a school for Black girls in 1904 that grew into Bethune-Cookman University; first Black woman to lead a federal agency
Imagine it never happened
Mathematics
Bharucha-Reid, Albert Turner
Pioneering research in probability theory, Markov chain processes, and random/stochastic integral equations, with applications spanning mathematical biology, physics, and economics
Imagine it never happened
Sports & Athletics
Biles, Simone
Most decorated gymnast in history, male or female
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Black, Keith L.
Neurosurgery and brain-tumor research; pioneered methods to open the blood-brain barrier so chemotherapy can reach tumors, and developed dendritic-cell immunotherapy (cancer vaccines) for brain tumors
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Blackwell, David
First Black member of the National Academy of Sciences; first Black tenured professor at UC Berkeley; Blackwell channel model in coding/information theory
Imagine it never happened
Agriculture & Food
Blair, Henry
Seed planter and cotton planter
Imagine it never happened
Transportation
Bluford, Guion 'Guy' Jr.
Aerospace engineering and human spaceflight
Imagine it never happened
Transportation
Bolden, Charles Frank Jr.
First African American NASA Administrator, appointed by President Obama in 2009; piloted and commanded four Space Shuttle missions, including the mission that deployed the Hubble Space Telescope; personally encouraged to apply as an astronaut by Ronald McNair, already profiled in this collection
Imagine it never happened
Law & Civil Rights
Bolin, Jane Matilda
First Black woman to become a judge in the United States
Imagine it never happened
Architecture & Design
Bond, J. Max Jr.
Became a partner in the major architectural firm Davis Brody Bond
Imagine it never happened
Law & Civil Rights
Booker, Cory Anthony
First African American U.S. senator from New Jersey
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Booker, Simeon Saunders Jr.
Became the first Black staff reporter at the Washington Post in 1952, then spent 51 years as Jet magazine's Washington bureau chief, most notably delivering the 1955 Emmett Till murder trial to a national audience
Imagine it never happened
Household & Domestic Inventions
Boone, Sarah
Improved ironing board
Imagine it never happened
Technology & Engineering
Booth, Virginia
First female National Chairperson of the National Society of Black Engineers
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Bouchet, Edward
Physics doctoral research
Imagine it never happened
Military & Safety
Bowen, Clotilde Dent
First Black physician to hold a U.S. military commission; first woman to command a U.S. military hospital
Imagine it never happened
Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Bowman, Sister Thea (Bertha Elizabeth)
Singer, scholar, and evangelist who became a leading national voice for Black Catholic culture and intercultural understanding within the American Catholic Church
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Bowser, Yvette Lee
Television creator and showrunner who became the first Black woman to create, run, and produce her own U.S. prime-time series with Living Single
Imagine it never happened
Industrial & Mechanical
Boyd, Henry
Invented the Boyd bedstead, a reinforced wooden bed frame design; founded a bedstead factory
Imagine it never happened
Agriculture & Food
Boyd, John Jr.
Founded the National Black Farmers Association; agricultural policy advocacy
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Boyd, Robert F.
First president of the National Medical Association
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Boykin, Otis
Improved control unit for artificial heart pacemakers
Imagine it never happened
Mathematics
Bozeman, Sylvia Trimble
Co-founded the EDGE program in 1998, supporting women transitioning into graduate study in the mathematical sciences; first African American Section Governor in the Mathematical Association of America's history
Imagine it never happened
Household & Domestic Inventions
Bradberry, Henrietta M.
'Bed rack', a collapsible, pedal-operated attachment for the foot of a bed to hang and air out/freshen bedclothes after use
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Bradley, Edward Rudolph “Ed”
Reported roughly 500 stories across a 25-year run on 60 Minutes, more than any other correspondent over the same period, after becoming CBS News’ first African American White House correspondent and being wounded covering the Vietnam War
Imagine it never happened
Law & Civil Rights
Bradley, Thomas 'Tom'
First African American mayor of Los Angeles; longest-serving mayor in the city's history
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Brady, St. Elmo
First African American to earn a PhD in chemistry in the United States; founded chemistry graduate programs at multiple HBCUs
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Branson, Herman Russell
Early theoretical work on protein structure, contributing to the discovery of the alpha helix
Imagine it never happened
Architecture & Design
Brent, Calvin
Generally considered the first African American architect to practice in Washington, D.C.
Imagine it never happened
Agriculture & Food
Bridgeforth, George Ruffin
First African American student to attend the Massachusetts Agricultural College (1897); built one of the first organized Black landowning farm cooperatives in the South, founding the Southern Small Farm Land Company (1910) and the Beulahland farming community, whose descendants still operate Alabama's largest Black-owned farm
Imagine it never happened
Law & Civil Rights
Brooke, Edward
First African American popularly elected to the U.S. Senate; first Black state Attorney General
Imagine it never happened
Industrial & Mechanical
Brooks, Charles
Street sweeper truck design; paper punch
Imagine it never happened
Literature & Writing
Brooks, Gwendolyn
First African American to win a Pulitzer Prize, awarded in 1950 for her poetry collection 'Annie Allen'
Imagine it never happened
Education
Brown, Charles Ignatius
Co-founded Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity in 1914; his fate remained a decades-long mystery within the fraternity until researchers located his final resting place in 2015
Imagine it never happened
Education
Brown, Charlotte Hawkins (Eugenia)
Founded and led Palmer Memorial Institute for over 50 years, transforming it into one of the first accredited college-preparatory schools for Black students in the South
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Brown, Dorothy Lavinia
Pioneering general surgery practice in the American South
Imagine it never happened
Architecture & Design
Brown, Georgia Louise Harris
Considered the second African American woman to become a licensed architect in the United States
Imagine it never happened
Household & Domestic Inventions
Brown, Henry
Patented a lockable receptacle for storing and preserving papers (U.S. Patent 352,036, 1886), an early forerunner of the strongbox; often described as a fire-resistant safe, though the patent itself claims a compartmented, lockable paper-storage container
Imagine it never happened
Technology & Engineering
Brown, Julian
Emerging independent inventor developing experimental microwave-assisted plastic-pyrolysis equipment and a fuel-like product called Plastoline
Imagine it never happened
Household & Domestic Inventions
Brown, Marie Van Brittan
Home security system with video monitoring
Imagine it never happened
Military & Safety
Brown, Roscoe C. Jr.
Fighter escort combat missions; downed a German jet aircraft
Imagine it never happened
AI & Social Media
Brown, Tabitha
Built a struggling-actress side gig into one of TikTok's biggest crossover careers, becoming an Emmy-winning host and “America's Mom” after a viral 2017 video review of a vegan sandwich
Imagine it never happened
Transportation
Brown, Willa Beatrice
First African American woman to earn a commercial pilot's license in the United States; trained roughly 200 future Tuskegee Airmen
Imagine it never happened
Mathematics
Browne, Marjorie Lee
One of the first three African American women to earn a PhD in mathematics; established one of the first electronic digital computer centers at any historically Black college in 1960
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Browne, William Washington
Founded the Savings Bank of the Grand Fountain, United Order of True Reformers, the first Black-owned bank chartered in the United States, establishing the model Maggie Lena Walker, already profiled in this collection, would later follow in Richmond
Imagine it never happened
AI & Social Media
Brownlee, Marques
Built MKBHD into the most influential technology review channel on YouTube, with over 20 million subscribers, setting industry-wide standards for how consumer electronics are evaluated and presented online
Imagine it never happened
Law & Civil Rights
Bruce, Blanche Kelso
First African American elected to a full term in the U.S. Senate; first Black senator to preside over the chamber
Imagine it never happened
Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Bryan, Andrew
Founded and pastored First African Baptist Church in Savannah, Georgia, for 24 years, building it from an initial 67 members in 1788 into a congregation of nearly 2,800 by 1831 despite enduring imprisonment and public whipping for preaching to enslaved people
Imagine it never happened
Technology & Engineering
Bryant, Kimberly
Founded Black Girls CODE, a nonprofit teaching coding and technology skills to girls of color
Imagine it never happened
Law & Civil Rights
Bryant, William B.
First African American chief judge of a U.S. District Court
Imagine it never happened
Military & Safety
Bullard, Eugene Jacques
The first African American military pilot to fly in combat, flying for France's Aéronautique Militaire and Lafayette Flying Corps during World War I after the U.S. military refused to accept Black pilots
Imagine it never happened
Technology & Engineering
Buolamwini, Joy Adowaa
Founded the Algorithmic Justice League after discovering commercial facial recognition software could not detect her own face unless she wore a white mask; co-authored 'Gender Shades,' which forced IBM, Microsoft, and Amazon to overhaul their facial recognition products
Imagine it never happened
AI & Social Media
Burke, Tarana
Began using the phrase “Me Too” in 2006 to support survivors of sexual violence, a decade before it became the viral #MeToo hashtag that reshaped global conversations about sexual harassment and assault
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Science & Medicine
Burks-Houck, Winifred
First woman president of the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE)
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Burns, Ursula
Became, in 2009, the first African American woman to lead a Fortune 500 company (Xerox) and the first woman ever to succeed another woman as a Fortune 500 CEO
Imagine it never happened
Agriculture & Food
Burr, John Albert
Improved rotary-blade lawn mower
Imagine it never happened
Education
Burroughs, Nannie Helen
Founded the National Training School for Women and Girls in 1909 and the Woman's Convention Auxiliary of the National Baptist Convention, which grew to represent over a million Black Baptist women
Imagine it never happened
Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Burrows, Stephen
Originated color-blocking and the 'lettuce hem' technique in fashion; one of five designers at the 1973 Battle of Versailles
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Literature & Writing
Butler, Octavia E.
First science fiction writer to receive a MacArthur Fellowship; author of 'Kindred,' one of the first works of science fiction to directly address American slavery
Imagine it never happened
Press & Photography
Caldwell, Earl
Became the first African American national correspondent for The New York Times, was the only reporter present when Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis in 1968, and won a landmark reporter’s-privilege case, United States v. Caldwell, after refusing an FBI subpoena demanding his confidential Black Panther Party sources
Imagine it never happened
Science & Medicine
Callender, Clive O.
Organ transplantation surgery and minority organ-donation advocacy; built an early minority-directed dialysis/transplant center and founded a national education program to raise donation rates
Imagine it never happened
Education
Callis, Henry Arthur
Co-founded Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity in 1906, the first intercollegiate Greek-letter organization established for African American men
Imagine it never happened
Agriculture & Food
Campbell, Thomas Monroe
Became the first agricultural extension agent of any race hired into the USDA's Cooperative Extension System (1906), pioneering the “Movable School” (Jesup Agricultural Wagon) model for bringing farming science directly to rural Black farmers
Imagine it never happened
Business & Misc.
Campbell, Tunis Gulic
Authored the first hotel and restaurant management guide published in the United States; later became a Reconstruction-era Georgia state senator
Imagine it never happened
Architecture & Design
Campbell, Wendell Jerome
Co-founded and served as first president of the National Organization of Minority Architects
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Science & Medicine
Canady, Alexa
Pediatric neurosurgery techniques and practice
Imagine it never happened
Sports & Athletics
Carlos, John
Won bronze in the 200m at the 1968 Olympics; staged a silent raised-fist protest against racial injustice on the medal stand
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Military & Safety
Carney, William Harvey
Became, for an 1863 act of valor, the first African American whose military service merited the Medal of Honor, though due to a 37-year delay in his award, he was not literally the first Black recipient to receive the medal
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Carroll, Diahann (Carol Diahann Johnson)
First African American woman to star in her own television series in a non-domestic role, with 1968's 'Julia'; first Black woman to win a Tony Award for a leading musical role
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Science & Medicine
Carruthers, George
Ultraviolet camera/spectrograph for lunar observation
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Science & Medicine
Carson, Ben
Pediatric neurosurgery innovations
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Military & Safety
Carter, Edward Allen Jr.
Received the Medal of Honor posthumously in 1997 for extraordinary heroism near Speyer, Germany, in March 1945, one of seven Black WWII veterans honored after a 1990s Army-commissioned study confirmed systemic racial discrimination had denied Black soldiers fair consideration for the medal
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Agriculture & Food
Carver, George Washington
Crop rotation methods; alternative uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans
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Press & Photography
Cary, Mary Ann Shadd
Founded The Provincial Freeman in 1853, becoming the first Black woman to edit and publish a newspaper in North America, using the Canadian weekly to promote Black emigration, integration, and self-reliance during the era of the Fugitive Slave Act
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Technology & Engineering
Cason, John
First elected president of the National Society of Black Engineers
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Architecture & Design
Cassell, Albert Irvin
Designed buildings for Howard University, Morgan State University, and Virginia Union University
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Architecture & Design
Cassell, Alberta Jeannette
One of the first two African American women to graduate from Cornell University in 1948; naval architect
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Visual Arts
Catlett, Elizabeth
Sculpture and printmaking (linocuts, lithographs, woodcuts) centered on the Black-American and Mexican working-class experience, especially the strength of Black women; works include 'Sharecropper,' the 'Negro Woman' series, and 'Homage to My Young Black Sisters'
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Transportation
Certain, Jerry M.
Patented the parcel carrier for bicycles
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Science & Medicine
Chappelle, Emmett
Bioluminescence detection technique for microbial contamination
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Charles, Ray (Ray Charles Robinson)
Pioneered soul music by fusing gospel, rhythm and blues, and jazz, earning the nickname “The Genius” and becoming one of the first inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986, with signature hits including “I've Got a Woman,” “What'd I Say,” and “Georgia on My Mind”
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Architecture & Design
Chase, John S.
Co-founded the National Organization of Minority Architects; first African American licensed to practice architecture in Texas
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Chase, Leah
"Queen of Creole Cuisine" who built Dooky Chase's Restaurant in New Orleans into a civil-rights meeting place and fine-dining landmark; James Beard Lifetime Achievement honoree (2016) and the inspiration for Princess Tiana, Disney's first Black princess
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Business & Misc.
Chenault, Kenneth Irvine
Became CEO of American Express in 2001, the third African American ever to lead a Fortune 500 company, and led the firm for 17 years including through the September 11 attacks and the 2008 financial crisis
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Transportation
Cherry, Matthew A.
Improvements to the velocipede leading to a tricycle design, and a streetcar fender to reduce collision damage and improve safety
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Literature & Writing
Chesnutt, Charles W.
Fiction and essays confronting race, identity, and 'the color line' in the post-Civil War South; short-story collections 'The Conjure Woman' (1899) and 'The Wife of His Youth' (1899) and novels including 'The Marrow of Tradition' (1901)
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Science & Medicine
Chinn, May Edward
Early cancer detection research; first African-American woman intern at Harlem Hospital
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Law & Civil Rights
Chisholm, Shirley
First Black woman elected to the U.S. Congress; first Black candidate to seek a major party's presidential nomination
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Technology & Engineering
Christian, John B.
Developed high-temperature, extreme-pressure synthetic greases and lubricants (polyol-ester and fluorinated-polysiloxane based) for high-speed aircraft and aerospace vehicles, performing from about -100F to 450F
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Business & Misc.
Church, Robert Reed Sr.
Became the South's first African American millionaire, building a Memphis business empire spanning real estate, saloons, a hotel, and Solvent Savings Bank, the city's first Black-owned bank
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AI & Social Media
Cissé, Moustapha
Founded and led Google's first AI research center in Africa, in Accra, Ghana, from 2018 to 2022, then founded Kera Health, an AI-powered healthcare platform based in Senegal
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AI & Social Media
Civil, Karen
An early hip-hop digital-media and marketing strategist, best known for creating and running Lil Wayne's fan-communication site (weezythanxyou.com) during his 2010 incarceration; later general manager/EVP at Young Money
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Education
Clark, Kenneth Bancroft
First African American to earn a psychology PhD from Columbia University; first Black president of the American Psychological Association; co-developed the 'doll test' research cited in Brown v. Board of Education
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Education
Clark, Mamie Phipps
First African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology from Columbia University; originated the 'doll test' research on Black children's racial self-identification later cited in Brown v. Board of Education
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Agriculture & Food
Clark, Patrick Dean
First Black chef to win a James Beard Foundation Best Chef award; helped pioneer New American cuisine and the fusion of fine dining with casual bistro service; one of four candidates considered for White House chef under President Clinton
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Education
Clark, Septima Poinsette
Developed the Citizenship School model that trained more than 10,000 teachers and helped register an estimated 700,000 Black voters before 1969; called 'The Mother of the Movement' by Martin Luther King Jr.
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Education
Clarke, John Henrik
Self-taught historian who became a Hunter College professor and founding chairman of its Black and Puerto Rican Studies department without ever earning a high school diploma or PhD
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Technology & Engineering
Clay, Roy L.
Developed an early minicomputer for Hewlett-Packard; led HP's Research and Development Computer Group
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Press & Photography
Clayton, Xernona
Became the first Black person in the American South to host a regularly scheduled prime-time television talk show when Themes and Variations (later The Xernona Clayton Show) premiered on Atlanta’s WAGA-TV in 1967, then spent three decades as a pioneering Turner Broadcasting executive
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Mathematics
Claytor, William Waldron Schieffelin
Third African American to earn a PhD in mathematics; first African American to publish original mathematics research in an accredited journal; personally mentored Katherine Johnson toward her career as a research mathematician
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Literature & Writing
Clifton, Lucille
Poetry, memoir, and children's literature; spare, lowercase verse exploring African American experience, family, the body, and resilience; created the 'Everett Anderson' children's series
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Sports & Athletics
Coachman, Alice
First Black woman to win an Olympic gold medal
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Literature & Writing
Coates, Ta-Nehisi
Author of 'Between the World and Me,' winner of the 2015 National Book Award for Nonfiction
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Science & Medicine
Cobb, Jewel Plummer
Cancer cell research; melanin pigmentation studies
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Industrial & Mechanical
Coffey, Cornelius Robinson
Became the first African American certified aircraft mechanic in the United States in 1932 and designed a patented carburetor heating system that prevented icing, allowing aircraft to fly safely in cold and wet weather, a design principle still used in aviation today
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Science & Medicine
Cole, Rebecca J.
Medicine and early public/community health; provided medical care and health education to poor families and worked with Elizabeth Blackwell's New York Infirmary
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Transportation
Coleman, Bessie
First African-American woman to earn a pilot's license
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Education
Coleman, Frank
Co-founded Omega Psi Phi Fraternity in 1911; became chairman of Howard University's Physics Department
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Business & Misc.
Coleman, Warren Clay
Founded the Coleman Manufacturing Company, the first Black-owned and operated textile mill in the United States
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AI & Social Media
Colley, DeWayne "Kountry Wayne"
Turned a failed rap career and a single October 2014 Facebook post into one of social media's most successful comedy operations, building recurring original characters across Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube into a Netflix, film, and publishing career
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Law & Civil Rights
Collins, Robert Frederick
First African American federal judge in the Deep South
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Coltrane, John William
Transformed jazz saxophone playing and pioneered modal jazz alongside Miles Davis, creating his 1965 masterwork A Love Supreme as a spiritual meditation now considered one of the most influential and acclaimed albums in the history of American music
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Agriculture & Food
Compton, Nina
Won the James Beard Foundation's Best Chef: South award in 2018 for Compère Lapin, her acclaimed New Orleans restaurant blending Caribbean, French, and Italian technique with Gulf Coast ingredients; daughter of Saint Lucia's three-time Prime Minister
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Cone, James H.
Systematic theology; founded Black liberation theology, arguing that the Christian gospel is centrally about God's identification with the oppressed; author of 'Black Theology and Black Power' (1969), 'A Black Theology of Liberation' (1970), and 'The Cross and the Lynching Tree' (2011)
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Press & Photography
Cooke, Marvel Jackson
Became, in 1950, the first African American woman to work as a reporter at a mainstream white-owned newspaper when she joined New York’s Daily Compass, capping a career in which she was already the first woman reporter in the 40-year history of the New York Amsterdam News
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Cooke, Sam (Samuel Cook)
Became known as the “King of Soul” and “inventor of soul music,” crossing over from gospel stardom with the Soul Stirrers to a thirteen-year run of pop hits including “You Send Me” and “Chain Gang,” and composed “A Change Is Gonna Come,” later ranked the No. 1 protest song of all time by Rolling Stone
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Architecture & Design
Cooke, William Wilson
First African American to obtain an architect's license in Indiana (1929); among the first African Americans employed in the U.S. Treasury's Office of the Supervising Architect
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Education
Cooper, Anna Julia (Haywood)
Fourth African American woman to earn a PhD, completed at the Sorbonne at age 67; influential educator, feminist theorist, and author of 'A Voice from the South'
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Sports & Athletics
Cooper, Charles 'Tarzan'
Star center for the New York Renaissance during their 88-game winning streak and 1932-36 dominant run
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Sports & Athletics
Cooper, Chuck
First African American drafted into the NBA
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Education
Cooper, Oscar James
Co-founded Omega Psi Phi Fraternity in 1911; practiced medicine in Philadelphia for over 50 years
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Copeland, Misty Danielle
First African American woman promoted to principal dancer in American Ballet Theatre's 75-year history
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Education
Coppin, Fanny Jackson
First African American woman to become a school principal and the first African American school district superintendent in U.S. history
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Science & Medicine
Corbett-Helaire, Kizzmekia
Viral immunology and vaccine design; co-designed the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccine through prefusion-stabilized spike-protein research, and contributed to COVID-19 monoclonal-antibody therapeutics
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Business & Misc.
Cornelius, Donald Cortez “Don”
Created, produced, and hosted Soul Train, negotiating unprecedented ownership terms that made him the first Black producer to fully own a nationally syndicated television program, which ran for 35 years (1971-2006) and became the longest-running first-run syndicated show in American television history
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Press & Photography
Cornish, Samuel Eli
Co-founded Freedom's Journal in 1827, the first African American-owned and -operated newspaper in the United States, and went on to found or co-found three more Black newspapers over the following decade
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Cosby, William Henry Jr.
Created and starred in 'The Cosby Show,' which revived the television sitcom format and became the most-watched program in America for five consecutive years; criminally convicted in 2018 of drugging and sexually assaulting Andrea Constand, a conviction later vacated in 2021 on procedural due-process grounds unrelated to the underlying facts, with civil juries subsequently finding him liable for sexual assault in two separate cases involving other accusers
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Press & Photography
Cowans, Adger W.
Became a founding member of the Kamoinge Workshop in 1963 after working alongside Gordon Parks at Life magazine, and went on to become the first African American still photographer in Hollywood, working on more than 30 feature films
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Science & Medicine
Cowings, Patricia
Autogenic-feedback training exercise (AFTE) for space motion sickness
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Mathematics
Cox, Elbert Frank
First Black person in the world to earn a PhD in mathematics, awarded by Cornell University in 1925
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Business & Misc.
Cralle, Alfred L.
Mechanical ice cream scoop ('ice cream mold and disher')
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Technology & Engineering
Croak, Marian
Voice over IP (VoIP) technology development
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Industrial & Mechanical
Crosthwait, David Jr.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system design
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Agriculture & Food
Crum, George (George Speck)
Long credited as the inventor of the potato chip, popularized as the 'Saratoga Chip'
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Crummell, Alexander
Became one of the first Black Americans ordained an Episcopal priest, founded St. Luke's Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C., the first independent Black Episcopal congregation in the city, and in 1897 co-founded the American Negro Academy, the first major organization supporting Black scholarship in America
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Science & Medicine
Crumpler, Rebecca Lee
Pioneering medical practice serving freed slaves after the Civil War
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Literature & Writing
Cullen, Countee
Won widespread acclaim for his debut poetry collection 'Color,' becoming one of the Harlem Renaissance's most celebrated formal poets
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Military & Safety
Dailey, Phyllis Mae
First African-American woman commissioned as a U.S. Navy officer
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Science & Medicine
Daly, Marie Maynard
First African American woman to earn a PhD in chemistry in the United States
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Military & Safety
Dammond, William Hunter
Color-coded railway signal system indicating track conditions
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Dandridge, Dorothy Jean
First African American nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, for 1954's 'Carmen Jones'; Hollywood's first full-fledged Black movie star
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Literature & Writing
Danticat, Edwidge
Fiction, short stories, essays, and memoir exploring Haitian and Haitian-American life, migration, memory, and political violence; 'Breath, Eyes, Memory' (1994), 'Krik? Krak!' (1995), 'The Farming of Bones' (1998), and 'Brother, I'm Dying' (2007)
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Technology & Engineering
Darden, Christine
Sonic boom minimization research for supersonic aircraft design
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Science & Medicine
Davenport, James Clinton
Co-founded the National Society of Black Physicists; chaired Virginia State University's physics department for over 30 years
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Industrial & Mechanical
Davidson, Shelby
Rewind device for adding machines; automatic fee-calculation device for postal clerks
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Press & Photography
Davis, Belvagene “Belva”
Became the first African American woman hired as a television news reporter on the U.S. West Coast when KPIX-TV in San Francisco hired her in 1966, launching a nearly five-decade Bay Area broadcasting career
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Military & Safety
Davis, Benjamin O. Jr.
Commanded the Tuskegee Airmen's 99th Pursuit Squadron and 332nd Fighter Group
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Military & Safety
Davis, Benjamin O. Sr.
Became, in 1940, the first African American to be promoted to general officer in any branch of the U.S. military, after 42 years of service that began as an enlisted private
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Science & Medicine
Davis, Frances Elliott
First African-American nurse officially recognized by the American Red Cross
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Press & Photography
Davis, Frank Marshall
Transformed the Atlanta Daily World into the first successful African American daily newspaper as its managing editor in the early 1930s, then spent twelve years as executive editor of the Associated Negro Press while building a parallel career as one of the era’s most acclaimed social-realist poets
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Press & Photography
Davis, Griffith Jerome
Became Ebony magazine’s first roving editor at Langston Hughes’s recommendation, then, as the only African American freelance photojournalist for the Black Star picture agency, chronicled the dawn of African independence in Liberia, Ethiopia, and Ghana before pioneering the racial integration of the U.S. Foreign Service
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Davis, Miles Dewey III
Stood at the forefront of nearly every major stylistic development in jazz across a five-decade career, including bebop, cool jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, and jazz fusion, and led the sessions for Kind of Blue, the best-selling jazz album of all time
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Davis, Viola
Award-winning actress and producer who became the first Black performer to achieve the 'Triple Crown of Acting' (competitive Oscar, Emmy, and Tony) and the first African American woman to win the Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series; later an EGOT winner.
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Day, Daniel R. (Dapper Dan)
Pioneered the fusion of luxury fashion logos with hip-hop streetwear from his Harlem boutique; first Black designer awarded the CFDA's Lifetime Achievement Award
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Technology & Engineering
Dean, Mark
ISA bus development; co-creation of IBM personal computer
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Mathematics
Dean, Nathaniel
Founded the Conference for African-American Researchers in the Mathematical Sciences (CAARMS) in 1995 and served a decade as president of the National Association of Mathematicians (2005-2015); pioneered algorithmic graph theory and data-visualization techniques during an eleven-year research career at Bell Labs
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Press & Photography
DeCarava, Roy Rudolph
Became, in 1952, the first African American photographer to win a Guggenheim Fellowship, using it to produce The Sweet Flypaper of Life (1955) with Langston Hughes and establishing Black-and-white fine-art photography of everyday Black life as a serious artistic practice distinct from social documentary
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Business & Misc.
Dedner, Kevin
Founded Hurdle, a mental health startup matching patients with culturally competent therapists
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Dee, Ruby (Ruby Ann Wallace)
Pioneering stage and film actress and longtime civil rights activist who, with husband Ossie Davis, served as master and mistress of ceremonies at the 1963 March on Washington
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Delille, Henriette (Henriette Díaz)
Founded the Sisters of the Holy Family in New Orleans in 1842, the second-oldest surviving African American Catholic religious order in U.S. history
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Business & Misc.
Dennis, Richelieu
Founded Sundial Brands (SheaMoisture) and Essence Ventures
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Science & Medicine
Dickens, Helen Octavia
Obstetrics and gynecology practice; teen pregnancy prevention programs
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Business & Misc.
Dickerson, Earl B.
Served as president of Supreme Life Insurance Company, one of the largest Black-owned insurance firms in the nation
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Industrial & Mechanical
Dickinson, Joseph H.
Improvements to reed organ design; co-founded the Dickinson-Gould Organ Company
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Education
Diggs, Elder Watson
Primary founder and first Grand Polemarch of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, originally chartered in 1911 as the first incorporated Black fraternity in the United States
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Education
Diop, Cheikh Anta
Senegalese physicist and historian whose argument for ancient Egypt's Black African identity became foundational to Afrocentric scholarship and Black Studies programs across the United States
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Divine, Father (George Baker)
Founded the International Peace Mission movement, an early and aggressive force for racial desegregation decades before the mainstream civil rights movement
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Sports & Athletics
Doby, Larry
First Black player in the American League
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Mathematics
Donaldson, James A.
Built and chaired the first PhD-granting mathematics program at any Historically Black College or University, established at Howard University in 1976; co-founded the National Association of Mathematicians in 1969
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Dorsey, Thomas Andrew
Known as 'the Father of Gospel Music' for fusing blues musical structure with sacred lyrics; co-founded the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses
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Visual Arts
Douglas, Aaron
Known as 'the father of Black American art' for developing the visual style that defined the Harlem Renaissance
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Sports & Athletics
Douglas, Gabby
First Black woman to win the Olympic individual all-around gymnastics title
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Sports & Athletics
Douglas, Robert 'Bob'
Founded the New York Renaissance, the first Black-owned, all-Black, fully professional basketball team in history
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Literature & Writing
Douglass, Frederick
Autobiography, oratory, and abolitionist journalism; wrote three autobiographies, most famously 'Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave' (1845), plus 'My Bondage and My Freedom' (1855) and 'Life and Times of Frederick Douglass' (1881), and founded/edited the abolitionist newspaper 'The North Star'
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Literature & Writing
Dove, Rita
Poetry, fiction, drama, and essays; best known for 'Thomas and Beulah' (1986), a poem cycle based on her grandparents' lives set against the Great Migration and the civil rights era
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Industrial & Mechanical
Downing, Philip Bell
Street letter box (precursor to the modern mailbox); mechanical street railway switch
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Law & Civil Rights
Doyle, Henry E.
First African American appellate judge in Texas
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Press & Photography
Draper, Louis Hansel
Helped found the Kamoinge Workshop in 1963 and served as the guiding force behind its founding vision and 50-year history, photographing Harlem street life and civil rights-era figures including Fannie Lou Hamer, Malcolm X, and John Coltrane
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Science & Medicine
Drew, Charles
Blood plasma storage and large-scale blood bank methods
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Literature & Writing
Du Bois, W.E.B.
Essays, history, sociology, and fiction; author of 'The Souls of Black Folk' (1903), 'Black Reconstruction in America' (1935), and 'The Philadelphia Negro' (1899); long-time editor of the NAACP magazine 'The Crisis'
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Literature & Writing
Dumas, Alexandre
French novelist of African and Caribbean ancestry who wrote The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo, often collaborating with Auguste Maquet.
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Literature & Writing
Dunbar, Paul Laurence
First African American poet to achieve national critical and commercial acclaim
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Sports & Athletics
Dungy, Tony
First African American head coach to win a Super Bowl
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Dunham, Katherine Mary
Pioneered Black theatrical dance by fusing African, Caribbean, and modern dance traditions, and developed the Dunham Technique, the first codified dance system based on African-diasporic movement; anthropologist, Kennedy Center Honoree (1983), and National Medal of Arts recipient (1989)
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Dunkley, Kenneth J.
Three Dimensional Viewing Glasses (3-DVG) for holography and 3D image viewing
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Law & Civil Rights
Dunn, Oscar James
First African American elected lieutenant governor of a U.S. state; served as acting governor of Louisiana in 1871, predating P.B.S. Pinchback's better-known tenure
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Press & Photography
Dunnigan, Alice Allison
Became the first African American woman credentialed to cover the White House, Congress, and the Supreme Court, breaking into the Senate and House press galleries in 1947 and covering three U.S. presidents over a fourteen-year Washington career
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Science & Medicine
Durham, James
One of the earliest known African American physicians in the U.S. -- largely self-taught, without a formal degree -- who ran a respected New Orleans practice and corresponded with Dr. Benjamin Rush
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
DuVernay, Ava
Filmmaker whose work centers on the African American experience and who broke a series of directing barriers: the first Black woman to win Best Director at the Sundance Film Festival, the first nominated for a Golden Globe for directing, the first to direct a Best Picture Oscar nominee, and the first to direct a live-action film with a budget over $100 million.
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Science & Medicine
Dwelle, Georgia
Established the first general hospital for African-Americans in Georgia
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Architecture & Design
Dykes, DeWitt Sanford Sr.
Designed numerous Methodist churches nationally
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Agriculture & Food
Eady Butler, Victoria
Became the first known Black woman Master Blender in American whiskey, crafting Uncle Nearest Premium Whiskey as the great-great-granddaughter of Nathan “Nearest” Green, the formerly enslaved man who taught Jack Daniel to distill
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Technology & Engineering
Easley, Annie
Computer programming for NASA energy and rocket research
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Architecture & Design
Edwards, Gaston Alonzo
First Black licensed architect in North Carolina
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Science & Medicine
Edwards, Lena F.
Provided medical care to migrant farm worker communities
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Eglin, Ellen
Improved clothes-wringer design
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Sports & Athletics
Elder, Lee
Professional golfer; the first Black golfer to compete in the Masters Tournament (1975)
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Science & Medicine
Elders, M. Jocelyn
Public health policy leadership; pediatric endocrinology research
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Mathematics
Eldridge, Henry Madison
Founding member of the National Association of Mathematicians (1969); longtime mathematics professor and academic administrator at Fayetteville State University
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Elkins, Thomas
Improved chamber-commode (multi-function furniture) and an improved refrigerating apparatus using evaporative water cooling; also a combined dining/ironing table and quilting frame
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Ellington, Edward Kennedy “Duke”
Composed more than one thousand pieces of music over a 50-year career as the leader of his own jazz orchestra, creating the largest recorded personal legacy in jazz and elevating the genre to concert-hall respectability through extended compositions like Black, Brown and Beige, while writing enduring standards including “Mood Indigo,” “Sophisticated Lady,” and “It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)”
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Technology & Engineering
Ellis, Clarence 'Skip'
First African American to earn a PhD in computer science (1969); pioneer of groupware and computer-supported cooperative work -- at Xerox PARC created OfficeTalk and pioneered operational transformation, the foundation of modern real-time collaborative editing (e.g., Google Docs); first Black Fellow of the ACM (1997)
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Literature & Writing
Ellison, Ralph
Author of 'Invisible Man,' winner of the 1953 National Book Award
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Technology & Engineering
Emeagwali, Philip
Programmed a CM-2 Connection Machine (massively parallel supercomputer) to run a computational fluid dynamics simulation for petroleum (oil) reservoir modeling
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Literature & Writing
Equiano, Olaudah
Autobiography and abolitionist writing; 'The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African' (1789) described his capture in Africa, the Middle Passage, enslavement, and eventual freedom
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Technology & Engineering
Ericsson, Aprille Joy
Spacecraft mechanical engineering and aerospace instrumentation design
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Science & Medicine
Esquivel, Jessica
Co-founded the #BlackInPhysics social movement and Oyanova Enterprises
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AI & Social Media
Evans, Aicha
CEO of Zoox, Amazon's self-driving car subsidiary, whom she led through a $1.3 billion acquisition by Amazon in 2020 and to the September 2025 launch of its first public robotaxi service in Las Vegas
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Evans, Michael Jonas
Originated the role of Lionel Jefferson on 'All in the Family' and 'The Jeffersons'; co-created 'Good Times' with Eric Monte, already profiled in this collection, though he died believing his creative contributions had gone uncredited and uncompensated by producer Norman Lear
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Law & Civil Rights
Evers, Medgar Wiley
U.S. Army veteran and the first NAACP field secretary in Mississippi, organizing voter registration, desegregation and investigations of racial violence.
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Mathematics
Falconer, Etta Zuber
Spent 37 years transforming Spelman College into a leading destination for Black women in mathematics and science; personally taught by Evelyn Boyd Granville, already profiled in this collection
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Science & Medicine
Falohun, TJ
Low-cost diabetic eye disease diagnostic device
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Mathematics
Farley, Jonathan
Pure mathematics, lattice theory and the theory of ordered sets (order theory), with applied work using order theory in counterterrorism network analysis
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Farrakhan, Khadijah
Served for more than four decades as the “First Lady of the Nation of Islam,” working alongside her husband, Minister Louis Farrakhan, to rebuild the organization after 1977, serving as its first National Secretary, and founding Newel Apparel to design the official uniforms worn by the Nation of Islam's women's auxiliary
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Sports & Athletics
Felix, Allyson
Most decorated track and field athlete in U.S. Olympic history
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Science & Medicine
Ferebee, Dorothy Celeste Boulding
Physician and civil rights activist providing healthcare to underserved rural communities
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Science & Medicine
Ferguson, Angella D.
Pediatric research on sickle cell disease in Black infants; developed a blood test to detect the disease at birth and clinical guidelines for diagnosing/treating it in children; found that daily water intake reduced sickle-cell crises and recommended increased oxygen during surgery
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Industrial & Mechanical
Ferrell, Frank J.
Patented valves, a steam trap, and a snow-melting apparatus; labor union organizer
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Transportation
Fields, Mary
First African American woman to work as a U.S. Postal Service Star Route mail carrier
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Fisher, Abby
Author of a celebrated 1881 Southern cooking cookbook; built a successful pickle and preserves manufacturing business
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Flash, Grandmaster (Joseph Saddler)
DJ turntablism techniques (scratching, breakbeat manipulation)
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Military & Safety
Flipper, Henry Ossian
Became, in 1877, the first African American to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point and the U.S. Army's first Black commissioned officer
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Science & Medicine
Ford, Justina Laurena Carter
First African-American woman to earn a medical license in Colorado
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Industrial & Mechanical
Forten, James
Invented an unpatented sail-handling device that improved his sailmaking business
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Press & Photography
Fortune, Timothy Thomas
Built the New York Age into the most influential Black newspaper of the late 19th century and founded the National Afro-American League in 1890, a direct forerunner to the NAACP, earning him the title “Dean of Negro Journalism”
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Architecture & Design
Foster, George Washington
Among the first African American architects licensed by the states of New Jersey and New York
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Technology & Engineering
Fox, Brian J.
Original author of the Bash shell; early online banking website development
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Military & Safety
Fox, John Robert
Received the Medal of Honor posthumously in 1997 for deliberately calling artillery fire onto his own position to repel a German attack near Sommocolonia, Italy, in December 1944, one of seven Black WWII veterans honored after a 1990s Army study confirmed racial discrimination had denied Black soldiers fair Medal of Honor consideration
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Foxx, Redd (John Elroy Sanford)
Star of 'Sanford and Son,' one of television's first sitcoms built around a predominantly Black cast; pioneered the raunchy 'party record' comedy album format and personally mentored Flip Wilson and Richard Pryor
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Science & Medicine
Francis-McBarnette, Yvette Fay
Pediatric treatment of sickle cell anemia; pioneered prophylactic antibiotic therapy in children with sickle cell disease and ran large-scale pediatric screening programs
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Franklin, Aretha Louise
Became known as the “Queen of Soul” and, in 1987, the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, winning 18 Grammy Awards and recording enduring anthems including “Respect,” “(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman,” and “Think” that became touchstones of the civil rights and women's movements
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Education
Franklin, John Hope
Authored From Slavery to Freedom in 1947, the field-defining survey of African American history that sold more than three million copies, was translated into multiple languages, and became the standard textbook that brought Black history into mainstream American college curricula for the first time
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Mathematics
Frazier Svager, Thyrsa Anne
One of the first African American women to earn a PhD in mathematics, completed at Ohio State University in 1965; built and chaired Central State University's mathematics department over a 39-year career, rising to provost
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Education
Frazier, Edward Franklin
First African American to earn a PhD in sociology from the University of Chicago; first Black president of the American Sociological Association; author of pioneering, sometimes controversial studies of Black family life and the Black middle class
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Science & Medicine
Freeman, Robert Tanner
First African-American to earn a dental degree in the United States
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Business & Misc.
Freeway Golf Course
One of the first African American-owned 18-hole golf courses in the United States, purchased in 1967 by four Black businessmen
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Architecture & Design
Fry, Louis Edwin Sr.
Former chair of Howard University's architecture department; registered architect in five states
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Science & Medicine
Frye, Clara
Patented combination bed and bedpan device; founded a hospital for Black patients in Tampa
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Business & Misc.
Fuller, Samuel B. "S.B."
Built Fuller Products Company from a $25 loan into an $18 million cosmetics empire with 5,000 salespeople, becoming the era's most influential mentor to Black entrepreneurs including John H. Johnson and George Ellis Johnson, both already profiled in this collection
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Science & Medicine
Fuller, Solomon Carter
Early neuropathological research on Alzheimer's disease
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Architecture & Design
Gantt, Harvey Bernard
Architect and urban planner; first Black student admitted to Clemson University
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Press & Photography
Garland, Hazel Barbara Maxine
Rose from unpaid community club reporter to become, in 1974, the first African American woman to serve as editor-in-chief of a nationally circulated newspaper chain when she took the helm of the New Pittsburgh Courier
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Garnet, Henry Highland
Delivered the militant 1843 “Call to Rebellion” speech urging enslaved Americans to rise against their enslavers, later became the first Black American to preach a sermon inside the U.S. House of Representatives in 1865, and served as U.S. Minister to Liberia
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Sports & Athletics
Garrison, Zina
Bridged the generational gap between Althea Gibson and Venus and Serena Williams in Black women's tennis
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Architecture & Design
Garrott, James Homer
Second African American admitted to the American Institute of Architects in Los Angeles
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Garvey, Marcus Mosiah
Developed a theology of a Black God and co-founded the African Orthodox Church; fused Christian religious practice with Black nationalist organizing in the largest Black mass movement in American history
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Business & Misc.
Gaston, Arthur George "A.G."
Built a $30-40 million Birmingham, Alabama business empire spanning insurance, banking, funeral homes, and real estate, then used it to quietly bankroll the civil rights movement, including bailing Martin Luther King Jr. out of jail during the 1963 Birmingham campaign
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Education
Gates, Henry Louis Jr.
Built Harvard's Hutchins Center into the leading institution for African and African American research, recovered and authenticated lost early Black literary works including the first known novel by an African American author, and has brought African American history to tens of millions of viewers as writer and host of PBS documentary series including Finding Your Roots, The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross, and The Black Church
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Science & Medicine
Gates, Sylvester James (Jim)
Theoretical physics research on supersymmetry and superstring theory
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Sports & Athletics
Gates, William 'Pop'
Star forward for the New York Renaissance and Harlem Globetrotters during the Black Fives era
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Sports & Athletics
Gauff, Coco
Won the US Open and French Open Grand Slam singles titles as a teenager
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Gaye, Marvin Pentz Jr.
Became one of Motown's most versatile and influential artists, known as the “Prince of Motown” and “Prince of Soul,” and in 1971 broke from Motown's producer-driven system to create What's Going On, a self-produced concept album addressing war, poverty, and the environment that Rolling Stone later ranked the greatest album of all time
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Technology & Engineering
Gebru, Timnit
Co-authored 'Gender Shades,' a landmark 2018 study proving major facial recognition systems were significantly less accurate on darker-skinned faces; co-founded Black in AI; her controversial 2020 departure from Google sparked one of the most prominent public debates over corporate AI ethics research
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Gelobter, Lisa
Animation technology behind early web GIFs and Shockwave
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Sports & Athletics
Gibson, Althea
First Black woman to compete on the world tennis tour and win a Grand Slam singles title
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Sports & Athletics
Gibson, Josh
Negro Leagues power hitter widely regarded among the greatest hitters in baseball history
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Technology & Engineering
Gilbert, Juan E.
Prime III universal-design voting system
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Business & Misc.
Gillespie, Frank L.
Founded Liberty Life Insurance Company, the first Black-controlled legal reserve insurance company in the northern United States
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Press & Photography
Gillespie, Marcia Ann
Became editor-in-chief of Essence magazine at age 26 in 1971, then, in 1993, editor-in-chief of Ms. magazine, making her the first African American woman to lead a mainstream national magazine not aimed specifically at Black readers
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Press & Photography
Gilliam, Dorothy Pearl Butler
Became the first African American woman hired as a reporter at The Washington Post in 1961, launching a 50-year career there that included covering the integration of the University of Mississippi and, later, co-founding the journalism-diversity organization now known as the Maynard Institute
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Visual Arts
Gilliam, Sam
Abstract / Color Field painting and sculpture; pioneered the 'drape' painting, large stained, unstretched canvases hung and draped from walls and ceilings, giving painting a sculptural, three-dimensional presence
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Mathematics
Gilmer, Gloria Ford
Pioneered the field of ethnomathematics, studying mathematics embedded in cultural practices including African American hair braiding traditions; first African American woman appointed to the Mathematical Association of America's board of governors
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Literature & Writing
Giovanni, Nikki
Poetry, essays, and children's literature; an influential voice of the Black Arts Movement whose work spans race and social justice, family, love, and children's verse
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Education
Glaude, Eddie Steven Jr.
Served as founding chair of Princeton University's Department of African American Studies when it became a full academic department in 2015, leading it for more than fourteen years, and became one of the nation's most prominent public intellectuals on race and democracy through bestselling books and regular television commentary
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Transportation
Glover, Victor J.
Spacecraft systems engineering; commercial spaceflight operations
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Transportation
Godfrey, John (mariner)
One of the small cohort of Black captains to command integrated crews aboard Liberty ships during World War II
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Mathematics
Goins, Edray Herber
Research in number theory and algebraic geometry on elliptic curves, Selmer groups, and Belyi maps/dessins d'enfants; led the 2015 effort to preserve and modernize the “Mathematicians of the African Diaspora” database after founder Scott W. Williams's retirement
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Goldberg, Whoopi
Second Black performer, and second Black woman, to win an Academy Award, for 'Ghost' in 1991, fifty years after Hattie McDaniel's win
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Press & Photography
Goode, Malvin Russell “Mal”
Became the first African American correspondent for a U.S. television news network when ABC News hired him in 1962, making his on-air debut with breaking coverage of the Cuban Missile Crisis from the United Nations
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Goode, Sarah E.
Folding cabinet bed
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Education
Gordon-Reed, Annette
Became the first African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for History, in 2009, for The Hemingses of Monticello, her groundbreaking multigenerational history of Sally Hemings's family that transformed mainstream scholarly understanding of Thomas Jefferson's decades-long relationship with Hemings, an enslaved woman he owned
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Business & Misc.
Gordy, Berry Jr.
Founded Motown Records; pioneered in-house production and quality-control systems for music
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Technology & Engineering
Gourdine, Meredith C.
Pioneering electrogasdynamics (EGD) technology, converting the kinetic energy of ionized, high-pressure gas into electricity; invented electrostatic precipitators ('Incineraid') to clear smoke and disperse runway fog, and the 'Focus Flow Heat Sink' for cooling computer chips
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Grace, Charles Manuel 'Daddy' (Marcelino Manuel da Graca)
Founded the United House of Prayer for All People, building it into a financially self-sustaining Black religious denomination that preached to integrated congregations across the segregated South decades before the civil rights movement
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Grant, Clara
Improved heated ('hot') comb for straightening hair
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Science & Medicine
Grant, George F.
Golf tee design; dental practice innovations
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Technology & Engineering
Grant, Howard P.
First Black graduate of UC Berkeley's College of Engineering; founded the Northern California Council of Black Professional Engineers
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Mathematics
Granville, Evelyn Boyd
Second African American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics; wrote computer software analyzing satellite orbits for NASA's Project Vanguard, Project Mercury, and Project Apollo
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Business & Misc.
Granville, Onie B.
Founded the first Black-owned commercial bank west of Kansas City
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Business & Misc.
Graves, Earl Gilbert Sr.
Founded Black Enterprise magazine in 1970, building it into the definitive national publication chronicling Black entrepreneurship, wealth-building, and corporate advancement over five decades
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Science & Medicine
Gray, Ida (Nelson Rollins)
First African-American woman to earn a dental degree in the United States
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Greeley, Julia
Known as Denver's 'Angel of Charity' for decades of secret nighttime charity to the city's poor; the only African American laywoman among six current Black candidates for Catholic sainthood
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Science & Medicine
Green, Hadiyah-Nicole
Developed laser-activated nanoparticle technology for targeted cancer therapy
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Agriculture & Food
Green, Nathan 'Nearest'
First known African American master distiller; taught the distilling craft to a young Jack Daniel, whose namesake whiskey brand became a global industry
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Business & Misc.
Green, Victor Hugo
Created The Negro Motorist Green Book, the essential travel guide for Black Americans during the Jim Crow era
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Military & Safety
Greenaugh, Kevin
Nuclear weapons stockpile stewardship and nonproliferation research
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Science & Medicine
Greene, Bettye Washington
First African American woman hired as a research chemist at the Dow Chemical Company
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Architecture & Design
Greene, Beverly Lorraine
First Black woman licensed as an architect in the United States; contributed to UNESCO headquarters design
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Technology & Engineering
Greene, Frank S. Jr.
Designed high-speed semiconductor computer memory systems at Fairchild Semiconductor in the 1960s, among the fastest memory chips of their time, used in the ILLIAC IV supercomputer; pioneered redundant solid-state RAM
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Sports & Athletics
Gregory, Ann
Pioneering African American amateur golfer; the first Black woman to play in a national championship conducted by the United States Golf Association (1956)
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Transportation
Gregory, Frederick Drew
First African American to pilot a space shuttle and first to command a spaceflight; later became NASA's first Black Deputy Administrator and briefly served as the agency's first Black Acting Administrator; nephew of blood plasma pioneer Charles Drew, already profiled in this collection
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Law & Civil Rights
Gregory, Roger
First African American judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Grier, Pamela Suzette
First African American woman to headline an action film; defined the female-led Blaxploitation genre with starring roles in 'Coffy' and 'Foxy Brown'; survived a stage-four cancer diagnosis given an 18-month prognosis
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Science & Medicine
Griffin, Bessie Blount
Self-feeding device for amputees
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Sports & Athletics
Griffith Joyner, Florence
Set world records in the 100m and 200m that still stand, while becoming a global style icon known as 'Flo-Jo'
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Agriculture & Food
Groves, Junius George
Developed scientific potato-growing methods that produced record-breaking yields, earning the USDA's 1902 title “Potato King of the World” and building one of the largest African American-owned farming operations in U.S. history
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Press & Photography
Gumbel, Bryant Charles
Became the first Black journalist to host a major network morning news program when he took over NBC’s Today in 1982, then spent 29 seasons (1995-2023) hosting HBO’s Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel, widely regarded as the most honored program in sports journalism history
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Business & Misc.
Gurley, O.W. (Ottawa W.)
Founded the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma, known as 'Black Wall Street'
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Literature & Writing
Haley, Alexander Murray Palmer
Authored 'Roots: The Saga of an American Family' and co-authored 'The Autobiography of Malcolm X'; the 1977 television adaptation of 'Roots' drew an estimated 130 to 140 million viewers, among the largest audiences in American television history
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Agriculture & Food
Hall, Carla Renata
Became a nationally recognized television chef after first building careers as a certified public accountant and runway model; co-hosted ABC's Emmy-winning 'The Chew' and competed on two seasons of Bravo's 'Top Chef'
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Military & Safety
Hall, Cynthia
Nuclear research, Manhattan Project (Argonne National Laboratory)
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Agriculture & Food
Hall, Lloyd
Food preservation and sterilization methods
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Hall, Prathia LauraAnn
Credited as the originator of the phrase “I have a dream,” spoken during a 1962 prayer vigil that Martin Luther King Jr. attended and later asked her permission to echo in his own preaching, while serving as one of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's first female field secretaries and later becoming a pioneering Baptist minister and womanist theologian
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Science & Medicine
Hamburg, Beatrix McCleary
First African-American woman to graduate from Yale School of Medicine; adolescent psychiatry research
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Agriculture & Food
Hamer, Fannie Lou
Founded the Freedom Farm Cooperative, a landmark agricultural self-sufficiency project providing food, housing, and economic independence for Black sharecroppers facing eviction for voting
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Business & Misc.
Hamilton, Arlan
Founded Backstage Capital while homeless; pioneered a crowdfunding model allowing public investment in a private venture capital management company
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Literature & Writing
Hammon, Jupiter
First African American to publish a literary work in North America
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Hammonds, Julia Terry
Apparatus for holding yarn-skeins, a simple, inexpensive device for holding and winding yarn, silk, and other fibers
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Visual Arts
Hammons, David
Conceptual art, performance, printmaking, and found-object sculpture using materials coded as 'Black' (hair, grease, chicken bones, basketballs) and ironic titles to interrogate race, value, and the art world; known for his 'body prints' and the 'African-American Flag' (1990)
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Press & Photography
Hannah-Jones, Nikole
Created The 1619 Project for The New York Times Magazine in 2019, a sweeping reexamination of slavery’s central role in the American founding and its ongoing legacy that won the 2020 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary and expanded into a bestselling book, school curriculum, and Hulu docuseries
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Hannah, Marc
3D computer graphics technology; co-founder of Silicon Graphics (SGI)
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Literature & Writing
Hansberry, Lorraine
Playwriting and essays; her play 'A Raisin in the Sun' (1959) dramatized a working-class Black family's struggles with housing discrimination and deferred dreams on Chicago's South Side
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Press & Photography
Hansen, Austin
Chronicled Harlem community life for nearly six decades as a studio and freelance photographer, building an archive of more than 500,000 portraits, now held primarily at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, documenting everyone from working-class families to Haile Selassie, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King Jr.
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Literature & Writing
Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins
Poetry, fiction, and abolitionist/suffragist writing and oratory; novel 'Iola Leroy' (1892), poetry collections such as 'Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects' (1854), and the widely reprinted poem 'Bury Me in a Free Land'
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Harper, Solomon
Electrically heated hair-treating implement (first electrically heated hair roller/curler) and later thermostatically controlled hair curlers, combs, and irons
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Harris, Ada
Improved hair straightener, a hinged, heated implement with a toothed comb portion to separate hair and flat faces to press it straight
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Technology & Engineering
Harris, Anthony 'Tony'
Founded the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE)
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Harris, Barbara Clementine
Became the first woman consecrated a bishop in the 500-year history of the worldwide Anglican Communion when she was ordained suffragan bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts in 1989, breaking a barrier that had stood across the Communion's more than 165 member countries
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Industrial & Mechanical
Harris, Betty
Spot test for explosives detection (TATB Spot Test)
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Press & Photography
Harris, Charles “Teenie”
Spent roughly four decades as staff and freelance photographer for the Pittsburgh Courier, amassing an archive of nearly 80,000 images, now held by the Carnegie Museum of Art, that forms one of the largest and richest visual chronicles of 20th-century Black urban life in the United States
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Sports & Athletics
Harris, James 'Shack'
First Black quarterback to start a season opener in the AFL or NFL (1969); first to start and win an NFL playoff game, and first named Pro Bowl MVP (1974)
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Science & Medicine
Harris, James A.
Co-discovery of elements Rutherfordium and Dubnium
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Law & Civil Rights
Harris, Kamala
First woman of color nominated for vice president by a major political party; first Black and first South Asian American vice president of the United States
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Military & Safety
Harris, Marcelite Jordan
Became, in 1990, the first African American woman to be promoted to general officer in the U.S. Air Force, and in 1995 the first to reach the two-star rank of major general, retiring as the highest-ranking woman in the Air Force and highest-ranking Black woman in the Department of Defense
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Technology & Engineering
Harris, Wesley L.
NASA Associate Administrator for Aeronautics; aerospace engineering professor
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Law & Civil Rights
Hastie, William Henry
First Black federal judge appointed for life to a court of general jurisdiction
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Hawkins, Joseph
Patented an early gridiron cooking device
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Industrial & Mechanical
Hawkins, Walter Lincoln
Weather-resistant plastic coating for telephone cables
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Mathematics
Hawkins, William Anthony Jr.
Directed the Mathematical Association of America's Strengthening Underrepresented Minority Mathematics Achievement (SUMMA) program, which raised more than $4 million to expand minority participation in mathematics, science, and engineering
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Mathematics
Haynes, Euphemia Lofton (Martha)
First African American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics, awarded by the Catholic University of America in 1943
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Press & Photography
Haynes, Gertrude “Trudy”
Became the nation’s first Black television weather reporter at Detroit’s WXYZ-TV in 1963, then, in 1965, the first Black television news reporter in Philadelphia at KYW-TV, where she worked for 33 years until her 1999 retirement
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Haynes, Lemuel
Became the first Black American ordained by a mainstream Protestant denomination when the Congregational church ordained him in 1785, and went on to lead a mostly white Vermont congregation for 30 years while authoring some of the earliest antislavery writings by an African American author
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Architecture & Design
Hazel, William Augustus
First dean of architecture at Howard University (1919); a pioneering Black stained-glass artist who completed what is regarded as the first historic-preservation project by a Black architect (restoration of Frederick Douglass's Cedar Hill, 1922)
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Transportation
Healy, Michael Augustine
First person of African descent to command a federal ship in U.S. history, commissioned by President Lincoln in 1865
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Hemings, James
First American trained as a French chef; introduced macaroni and cheese, French fries, crème brûlée, and ice cream to American cuisine
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Sports & Athletics
Henderson, Edwin Bancroft
Introduced basketball to Black communities in Washington, D.C., helping launch the sport's spread among African Americans nationally
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Science & Medicine
Henderson, Olive Myrtle
Second African-American female dentist in Chicago; first Black woman dental graduate of Northwestern University
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Visual Arts
Hendricks, Barkley
Portrait painting; bold, life-size portraits of everyday Black subjects rendered with cool elegance against flat, often monochrome backgrounds, blending realism with Color Field influences
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Hendrix, James Marshall “Jimi”
Widely regarded as the greatest and most influential electric guitarist in rock history, revolutionizing the instrument's sonic possibilities through pioneering use of amplifier feedback and effects, and delivering an iconic distortion-laden rendition of “The Star-Spangled Banner” at the 1969 Woodstock Festival
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Business & Misc.
Herndon, Alonzo
Founded the Atlanta Life Insurance Company; became Atlanta's first African American millionaire
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Business & Misc.
Herndon, Norris B.
Led Atlanta Life Insurance Company for 46 years, growing it from $1 million to $84 million in assets
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Education
Hicks, Albert 'Bus'
Co-founded and became the first national president (Founding Polaris) of Iota Phi Theta Fraternity in 1963, the ninth and most recently established of the historically Black Greek-letter organizations known as the Divine Nine
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Law & Civil Rights
Higginbotham, A. Leon Jr.
Federal appellate judge and legal scholar on the history of race and American law
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Education
Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks
Coined the influential concept of the “politics of respectability” in her landmark 1993 book Righteous Discontent, the first full scholarly account of Black women's central role in building the Black Baptist church into a vehicle for social and political change, and later revised and updated John Hope Franklin's foundational textbook From Slavery to Freedom
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Press & Photography
Higgins, Chester Jr.
Spent nearly four decades as a New York Times staff photographer while producing an acclaimed body of work documenting the global African diaspora, published in books including Feeling the Spirit (1994) and Echo of the Spirit (2004)
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Science & Medicine
Hill, Henry Aaron
First African American president of the American Chemical Society; innovations in water-based paints, firefighting foam, and synthetic rubber
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AI & Social Media
Hill, Jemele
Built a national platform combining sports journalism with outspoken political commentary, most notably a 2017 Twitter thread calling President Trump a “white supremacist” that triggered a White House response and reshaped debate over athletes' and journalists' use of social media
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Business & Misc.
Hill, Jesse Jr.
Led Atlanta Life Insurance Company to become the largest Black-owned life insurance company in the nation; first Black president of a major city's chamber of commerce
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Sports & Athletics
Hilliard, Wendy
First Black athlete to represent the United States internationally in rhythmic gymnastics
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Industrial & Mechanical
Hilyer, Andrew Franklin
Patented an improved hot-air register and companion water evaporator for hot-air heating systems in 1900, precursors to the modern home humidifier, while building a parallel career as one of Washington, D.C.'s most influential Black civic and business organizers
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Education
Hine, Darlene Clark
Helped found the field of Black women's history as a serious area of academic study, establishing the first comparative doctoral program in African American history at Michigan State University in 1987 and editing Black Women in America, the first major historical encyclopedia devoted to the subject
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Science & Medicine
Hinton, William Augustus
Bacteriology, pathology, and public health; developed the Hinton test (1927), a more accurate, inexpensive blood-serum (flocculation) test for syphilis, and, with J.A.V. Davies, the Davies-Hinton test; authored the first medical textbook published by an African American ('Syphilis and Its Treatment,' 1936)
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Business & Misc.
Hobson, Mellody
First Black woman to chair an S&P 500 company; co-CEO of Ariel Investments
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Science & Medicine
Hodge, John Edward
Established the chemical mechanisms underlying the Maillard browning reaction in food chemistry
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Law & Civil Rights
Holder, Eric
First African American U.S. Attorney General
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Technology & Engineering
Holley, Kerrie (Expanded profile)
IBM Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) reference architecture
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Law & Civil Rights
Holmes Norton, Eleanor
First woman to chair the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; longtime advocate for Washington, D.C. statehood and congressional representation
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Press & Photography
Holt, Lester Don Jr.
Became the first African American to solo anchor a major U.S. network’s weekday evening newscast when he took over NBC Nightly News in 2015, a post he held for a decade before moving to lead Dateline NBC full-time
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Business & Misc.
Hooks, Benjamin
First Black FCC Commissioner; telecommunications policy advocacy
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Education
Hope, John
First Black president of both Morehouse College (1906) and Atlanta University (1929)
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Literature & Writing
Horton, George Moses
First African American to publish a book while still enslaved, and the first to use poetry to publicly protest slavery
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Hosier, Harry “Black Harry”
Became the first Black Methodist preacher in America, delivering the first sermon by a Black person to a Methodist congregation in 1781 and the first by a Black person to an all-white congregation in 1784, and was widely regarded as one of the most gifted orators of his era despite being entirely illiterate
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Law & Civil Rights
Houston, Charles Hamilton
Architected the legal strategy that dismantled segregation; mentored Thurgood Marshall and a generation of civil rights lawyers
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Mathematics
Houston, Johnny L.
Co-founded the National Association of Mathematicians in 1969 and served as its first Executive Secretary for 25 years (1975-2000); established the Computational Science and Scientific Visualization Center at Elizabeth City State University in 1996
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Business & Misc.
Houston, Norman Oliver
Co-founded Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company; raised the company's initial $15,000 capital requirement
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Houston, Whitney Elizabeth
Known as “The Voice,” became the best-selling female recording artist of the 1980s and 1990s, scored a record seven consecutive number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles, and starred in The Bodyguard (1992), whose soundtrack remains the best-selling album by a female artist and the best-selling movie soundtrack of all time
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Technology & Engineering
Howard, Ayanna
Machine learning and robotics for educational and assistive technology
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Science & Medicine
Howard, T.R.M.
Surgeon and civil rights leader; president of the National Medical Association
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Business & Misc.
Howroyd, Janice Bryant
Founded The ActOne Group in 1978 with roughly $1,500 and a borrowed fax machine, building it into the first billion-dollar company owned and operated by an African American woman
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Education
Huggins, Nathan Irvin
Wrote the landmark 1971 cultural history Harlem Renaissance, a National Book Award finalist still considered essential reading on the movement four decades later, and became Harvard's first W.E.B. Du Bois Professor of History and Afro-American Studies, building the university's Du Bois Institute into a leading center of Black scholarship
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Business & Misc.
Hughes, Cathy
Founded Radio One (now Urban One) in 1980 after being turned down by more than 30 banks, and became, in 1999, the first African American woman to chair a publicly traded corporation
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Literature & Writing
Hughes, Langston
Most influential and widely celebrated voice of the Harlem Renaissance; among the first African Americans to earn a living solely as a writer
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Mathematics
Hunt, Fern Yvette
Applied mathematician at the National Institute of Standards and Technology specializing in dynamical systems, mathematical biology, and stochastic modeling; received the Arthur S. Fleming Award for outstanding federal service
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Press & Photography
Hunter-Gault, Charlayne
Became, alongside Hamilton Holmes, the first African American student to integrate the University of Georgia in 1961, then built a five-decade journalism career as the New York Times' Harlem bureau chief, a PBS NewsHour national correspondent, and Africa bureau chief for NPR and CNN
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Literature & Writing
Hurston, Zora Neale
Author of 'Their Eyes Were Watching God,' a landmark novel exploring Black womanhood in the rural South
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Press & Photography
Ifill, Gwendolyn L.
Became, in 1999, the first African American woman to host a nationally televised U.S. public affairs program, moderating PBS's “Washington Week,” and in 2013 formed the first all-female co-anchor team in network news history alongside Judy Woodruff on the PBS NewsHour
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Business & Misc.
Ikard, Bose
Trusted lead cowhand on the historic Goodnight-Loving Trail cattle drives, credited by rancher Charles Goodnight as more reliable than any other man he employed
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Science & Medicine
Imes, Elmer Samuel
Pioneering measurement of infrared absorption spectra confirming quantum theory predictions
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Sports & Athletics
Isaacs, John 'Boy Wonder'
Credited with bringing the pick-and-roll play to professional basketball
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Technology & Engineering
Isbell, Charles Lee Jr.
AI and machine learning researcher who became dean of Georgia Tech's College of Computing, then provost of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, then chancellor of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; his own misidentified photograph became the center of a major public debate over AI bias between Timnit Gebru, already profiled in this collection, and Meta's chief AI scientist
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Jackson, Augustus
Improved method of manufacturing ice cream (using salt to control freezing) and popular eggless 'Philadelphia-style' recipes; packaged and distributed in tins
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Press & Photography
Jackson, Emory Overton
Edited the Birmingham World for 35 years, earning the nickname “The Voice of Black Birmingham” for his relentless documentation of voting rights struggles, police brutality, and school segregation throughout the Alabama civil rights movement
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Law & Civil Rights
Jackson, Jesse Sr.
Ran two of the most successful Black presidential campaigns in American history before Barack Obama, winning multiple state primaries in 1984 and 1988
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Law & Civil Rights
Jackson, Ketanji Brown
Became the first Black woman and first former federal public defender to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court, sworn in as its 116th justice on June 30, 2022, after President Biden fulfilled a campaign pledge to nominate a Black woman to the nation's highest court
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Jackson, Mahalia
Known as 'the Queen of Gospel'; first gospel recording artist to achieve mainstream commercial success and international touring success while refusing to ever sing secular music
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Technology & Engineering
Jackson, Mary
Aerospace engineering research at NASA
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Jackson, Michael Joseph
Became known as the “King of Pop” after his 1982 album Thriller sold an estimated 70 million copies worldwide to become the best-selling album in history, won a record-setting eight Grammy Awards in a single night in 1984, and transformed the music video into a cinematic art form while breaking racial barriers on MTV and radio
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Science & Medicine
Jackson, Shirley
Theoretical physics research underlying telecommunications technologies
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Mathematics
Jackson, Trachette Levon
Pioneering mathematical models of tumor growth, angiogenesis, and cancer chemotherapy that have become foundational to the field of mathematical oncology
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Literature & Writing
Jacobs, Harriet
Autobiography and slave narrative; 'Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself' (1861), published under the pseudonym Linda Brent, recounted her enslavement, sexual abuse, seven years hiding in a tiny garret, and escape to freedom
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Jakes, Thomas Dexter Sr. (T.D.)
Founded The Potter's House, one of the largest megachurches in the United States; named one of Time magazine's 25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America
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Military & Safety
James, Daniel 'Chappie' Jr.
Combat aviation leadership across three wars
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Military & Safety
James, Willy Frederick Jr.
Received the Medal of Honor posthumously in 1997 for scouting under fire and dying while going to the aid of his wounded platoon leader near Lippoldsberg, Germany, in April 1945, one of seven Black WWII veterans honored after a 1990s Army study confirmed racial discrimination had denied Black soldiers fair Medal of Honor consideration
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Jamison, Judith Ann
Alvin Ailey's principal muse and star dancer for 15 years; succeeded him as artistic director of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater for 21 years, becoming the first African American woman to lead a major modern dance company
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Press & Photography
Jarrett, Vernon Daurice
Became the first African American syndicated columnist at both the Chicago Tribune (1970) and the Chicago Sun-Times (1983), writing nearly 4,000 columns over a 50-year career and co-founding the National Association of Black Journalists in 1975
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Jaxon, Jay
First African American to head a Parisian couture house; designed for Yves Saint Laurent and Christian Dior
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Jay-Z (Shawn Corey Carter)
Became one of the most commercially successful and influential rappers in history, with 14 number-one albums on the Billboard 200 and 25 Grammy Awards, the first rapper inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2017 and the first living solo hip-hop artist inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2021, while building a business empire that made him hip-hop's first billionaire
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Science & Medicine
Jefferson, Mildred Fay
First African-American woman to earn a medical degree from Harvard Medical School
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Law & Civil Rights
Jefferson, Wallace B.
First African American Justice and Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court
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Military & Safety
Jefferson, William Thomas
The first African American dentist to provide dental care to U.S. Army soldiers -- treating Black regiments in Cuba during the Spanish-American War (1898-99) as a line officer of the 8th Illinois Infantry; recognized as an early pioneer of Army dentistry, though the first commissioned Black Army dental officer is undetermined
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Law & Civil Rights
Jeffries, Hakeem Sekou
First Black American to lead a major political party in either chamber of Congress
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Literature & Writing
Jemisin, N.K.
First Black writer to win a Hugo Award for Best Novel; first author of any background to win three consecutive Hugo Awards for Best Novel
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Transportation
Jemison, Mae Carol
First African American woman to travel into space
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Jenkins, Christina M.
'Hair-Weev' technique, a method of permanently attaching commercial hair to a person's natural hair by interweaving strands with cord-like material on a weaving frame
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Jennings, Thomas L.
Dry cleaning process ('dry scouring')
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Military & Safety
Johnson-Brown, Hazel W.
First African-American chief of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps
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Science & Medicine
Johnson, Ashanti
Aquatic radio-geochemistry research
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Business & Misc.
Johnson, Eunice W.
Founded Fashion Fair Cosmetics, addressing makeup needs of Black women
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Business & Misc.
Johnson, George E.
Founder of Johnson Products Company and creator of the Ultra Sheen and Afro Sheen Black hair-care lines; built the first Black-owned company listed on the American Stock Exchange (1971)
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Business & Misc.
Johnson, George E. Sr.
Co-founded Johnson Products Company, built Afro Sheen and Ultra Sheen, and led the first Black-owned company traded on a major U.S. stock exchange
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Military & Safety
Johnson, Henry
Fought off a German raiding party of some two dozen soldiers in hand-to-hand combat while defending his post in the Argonne Forest in May 1918, earning France's Croix de Guerre and, 97 years later, a posthumous Medal of Honor
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Transportation
Johnson, Isaac R.
Patented the first folding bicycle frame with a recognizably modern diamond shape, the design pattern still used in 21st-century bicycles
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Sports & Athletics
Johnson, Jack
First Black world heavyweight boxing champion, holding the title from 1908 to 1915
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Literature & Writing
Johnson, James Weldon
Poetry, fiction, anthologies, and songwriting; wrote the lyrics to 'Lift Every Voice and Sing' (the 'Negro National Anthem'), the novel 'The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man' (1912), and the poetry collection 'God's Trombones' (1927); edited 'The Book of American Negro Poetry' (1922)
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Business & Misc.
Johnson, Joan Henderson
Co-founded Johnson Products Company; repositioned Ultra Sheen into the home-use hair relaxer that drove the company's breakthrough growth among women consumers
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Business & Misc.
Johnson, John Harold
Founded Johnson Publishing Company in 1942 with a $500 loan against his mother's furniture, building it into the largest Black-owned publishing company in the world through Ebony (1945) and Jet (1951) magazines
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Agriculture & Food
Johnson, Joseph 'JJ'
Won the James Beard Award for Best American Cookbook for 'Between Harlem and Heaven,' co-authored with Alexander Smalls, already profiled in this collection; founded Fieldtrip, a fast-casual restaurant built specifically around rice as a global heritage grain connecting African, Caribbean, Asian, and American culinary traditions
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Technology & Engineering
Johnson, Katherine
Orbital mechanics calculations for NASA spaceflight
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Technology & Engineering
Johnson, Lonnie George
Super Soaker water gun; thermal energy transfer research
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Education
Johnson, Mordecai Wyatt
First African American president of Howard University, serving 34 years and transforming it into the nation's leading Black research university
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Mathematics
Johnson, Raymond Lewis
First African American student admitted to Rice University (1964) and the first to earn a Rice doctorate; first African American mathematics faculty member at the University of Maryland, College Park, where he mentored 23 doctoral students in harmonic analysis
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Business & Misc.
Johnson, Robert L.
Co-founded Black Entertainment Television; became the first African American billionaire
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Business & Misc.
Johnson, Sheila Crump
Co-founded Black Entertainment Television; became the first Black female billionaire in the United States; founded Salamander Hotels and Resorts
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Transportation
Johnson, Wesley
Four-wheeled velocipede design for novice cyclists
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Johnson, Willis
Mechanical egg beater and ingredient mixer: a double-chambered, hand-cranked machine that could beat batter and eggs separately or simultaneously
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Jones, Absalom
First African American ordained as a priest in the Episcopal Church; founded the first Black Episcopal congregation in the United States
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Mathematics
Jones, Eleanor Green Dawley
Built and chaired the mathematics department at Norfolk State University over more than three decades after earning her PhD while raising children alone in Syracuse, New York
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Education
Jones, Eugene Kinckle
Co-founded Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity in 1906; became the first Executive Secretary of the National Urban League, serving 20 years in that role
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Transportation
Jones, Frederick McKinley
Automatic refrigeration systems for trucks and railroad cars
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Visual Arts
Jones, Lois Mailou
Painting, watercolor, collage, and textile design spanning Impressionist landscapes, Paris scenes, African-mask-inspired compositions, and Haitian subjects; a key transmitter of Negritude aesthetics into visual art
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Agriculture & Food
Jones, Martha
Combined corn husking and shelling machine
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Jones, Sissieretta (Matilda Sissieretta Joyner)
Pioneering soprano celebrated as the first Black operatic prima donna; in 1892 she became the first African American to headline a concert on the main stage of Carnegie Hall, opening doors for Black classical singers decades before the opera stage was integrated.
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Law & Civil Rights
Jordan, Barbara Charline
First African American woman elected to Congress from a Southern state; nationally renowned for her 1974 Watergate impeachment hearing remarks
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Agriculture & Food
Jordan, Edouardo
Became, in 2018, the first African American chef to win the James Beard Foundation's Best New Restaurant award for JuneBaby; closed both of his Seattle restaurants in 2021 after a Seattle Times investigation detailed credible sexual misconduct allegations from 15 women, corroborated by 28 people in total
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Sports & Athletics
Joyner-Kersee, Jackie
Widely considered one of the greatest multi-event track and field athletes in history
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Business & Misc.
Joyner, Marjorie Stewart
Permanent wave hair machine; beauty industry education leadership
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Business & Misc.
Joyner, Thomas “Tom”
Built The Tom Joyner Morning Show into the top-rated nationally syndicated urban radio program for a quarter century (1994-2019), then used its platform to found the Tom Joyner Foundation, which has raised more than $65 million in scholarship support for historically Black colleges and universities
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Science & Medicine
Julian, Percy Lavon
Chemical synthesis of physostigmine and steroid hormones from soybeans
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Science & Medicine
Just, Ernest Everett
Pioneering research on fertilization and cell surface biology in marine invertebrates; served as faculty advisor co-founding Omega Psi Phi Fraternity in 1911
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Kani, Karl (Carl Williams)
Widely credited as the originator and 'Godfather' of hip-hop streetwear fashion
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Business & Misc.
Keckley, Elizabeth Hobbs
Built a 20-seamstress dressmaking business; personal modiste and confidante to First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln
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Law & Civil Rights
Keith, Damon J.
Ruled that the U.S. Attorney General must disclose wiretap transcripts authorized without a warrant, in the landmark 'Keith Case'
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Kelly, Patrick
First American designer admitted to the Chambre Syndicale du Pret-a-Porter, the official body governing French ready-to-wear fashion
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Kenner, Mary
Adjustable sanitary belt; bathroom tissue holder
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Science & Medicine
King, Angie Turner
Established American Chemical Society student chapters at multiple HBCUs
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
King, Martin Luther Jr.
Baptist ministry and nonviolent civil rights leadership grounded in Christian theology and Gandhian nonviolence; sermons, speeches, and writings including 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' (1963) and the 'I Have a Dream' speech (1963)
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Law & Civil Rights
King, Otis
First Black City Attorney of Houston, Texas
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Kitt, Eartha Mae
Singer and actress whose career was deliberately destroyed by the CIA and blacklisted in the U.S. after she publicly denounced the Vietnam War at a 1968 White House luncheon
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Mathematics
Knight, Genevieve Madeline
Co-founded the Benjamin Banneker Association supporting mathematics education for Black children; spent more than three decades advancing mathematics teacher preparation at Hampton Institute and Coppin State College/University
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Transportation
Knox, Kittie
First African American accepted into the League of American Wheelmen; advocated for Black cyclists' inclusion against the organization's own racial exclusion policy
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Kool Herc, DJ (Clive Campbell)
Jamaican American DJ widely credited as the father of hip-hop; at a 1973 Bronx party he pioneered the 'breakbeat', using two turntables to isolate and loop the danceable instrumental 'break' of a record, creating the musical and cultural foundation from which rap and hip-hop grew.
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Science & Medicine
Kountz, Samuel L.
Kidney transplant rejection research and technique development
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
La Rock, Coke
Widely regarded as hip-hop's first MC; the vocalist who rhymed and shouted over DJ Kool Herc's breakbeats at the 1973 Bronx party now considered hip-hop's birthplace, establishing the role of the rapping master of ceremonies.
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Science & Medicine
Lacks, Henrietta
Source of the HeLa cell line, the first immortalized human cell line
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Press & Photography
Lacy, Samuel Harold “Sam”
Spent nearly 60 years as sports editor and columnist for the Baltimore Afro-American, campaigning through the 1930s and 1940s for the integration of Major League Baseball and helping bring Branch Rickey and Jackie Robinson together, work recognized with the Baseball Hall of Fame’s J.G. Taylor Spink Award in 1997
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AI & Social Media
Lame, Khaby
Became the most-followed creator on TikTok worldwide through silent comedic videos mocking overcomplicated “life hack” content, then sold the rights to his digital identity and likeness for nearly $1 billion in January 2026
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Education
Laney, Lucy Craft
Founded the Haines Normal and Industrial Institute in 1883, leading it for 50 years; personally taught and mentored John Hope, Mary McLeod Bethune, and other major Black educators
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Lange, Mary Elizabeth (Elizabeth Clarisse)
Founded the Oblate Sisters of Providence in 1829, the first permanent Catholic religious order for women of African descent in U.S. history; first African American superior general
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Architecture & Design
Lankford, John A.
First professionally licensed African American architect in Virginia and Washington, D.C.
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Lars, Byron
Designed Mattel's first collection of African American Barbie dolls authentically representing Black hair, complexion, and style
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Literature & Writing
Larsen, Nella
Fiction of the Harlem Renaissance; novels 'Quicksand' (1928) and 'Passing' (1929) explored mixed-race identity, racial 'passing,' gender, and class
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Last Poets, The
Harlem spoken-word collective, formed in 1968, whose confrontational, socially conscious poetry set to conga rhythms is widely credited as a direct forerunner of rap; often called 'the godfathers of hip-hop.' (Group/collective entry.)
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Technology & Engineering
Latimer, Lewis
Carbon filament for incandescent light bulbs; patent drafting for telephone
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Press & Photography
Lavalette, William A.
Improvements to the printing press: a refined construction and arrangement for smoother, more even operation, with more easily removable parts for cleaning and an improved mechanism for loading and unloading paper
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Visual Arts
Lawrence, Jacob Armstead
Created the 60-panel 'Migration Series' depicting the Great Migration; first African American artist represented by a major New York gallery
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Science & Medicine
Lawrence, Margaret Morgan
Pioneering work in child psychiatry and psychoanalysis
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Lawrence, Martin Fitzgerald
Co-created and starred in 'Martin,' a Fox sitcom that became Black television's flagship Thursday-night program in the 1990s; hosted HBO's groundbreaking 'Def Comedy Jam,' launching the mainstream careers of Chris Tucker, Dave Chappelle, and Bernie Mac
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Transportation
Lawrence, Robert H. Jr.
First African American astronaut selected to any national space program
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Technology & Engineering
Lawson, Jerry
Fairchild Channel F video game console; cartridge-based gaming
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Law & Civil Rights
Lee, Barbara Jean
Sole member of Congress to vote against the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force following the September 11 attacks
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Business & Misc.
Lee, Joseph
Bread-making and bread-crumbing machines for commercial bakeries
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Lee, Spike (Shelton Jackson Lee)
Directed 'Do the Right Thing,' a landmark of independent Black American cinema whose 1990 Oscar Best Picture snub became one of the Academy's most cited controversies; won his first competitive Oscar for 'BlacKkKlansman' three decades later in a near-identical scenario
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Agriculture & Food
Lee, Theodora
Founded Theopolis Vineyards in 2003 in Mendocino County's Yorkville Highlands while continuing a full-time career as a senior trial lawyer, becoming one of the few Black women to both own and personally make wine in the United States
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Science & Medicine
Leffall, LaSalle Doheny Jr.
First African American president of the American Cancer Society and the American College of Surgeons; trained nearly 300 surgical residents and roughly 6,000 medical students over more than 50 years at Howard University
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Military & Safety
Leftenant-Colon, Nancy
First African-American admitted to the Regular Army Nurse Corps
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Business & Misc.
Leidesdorff, William Alexander Jr.
Built America's first Black-owned business empire in Gold Rush-era San Francisco, the city's first hotel, first public school, first commercial warehouse, and first steamship on San Francisco Bay, becoming the first known Black millionaire in United States history
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Press & Photography
Lemon, Don Renaldo
Anchored CNN Tonight and other prime-time CNN programs for 17 years (2006-2023), and in 2011 became the most prominent African American television journalist to publicly come out as gay, a disclosure made in his memoir Transparent
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Sports & Athletics
Leonard, Buck
Negro Leagues first baseman who batted cleanup behind Josh Gibson for the Homestead Grays
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Sports & Athletics
Lester, William Alexander III
Left a 15-year engineering career at Hewlett-Packard at age 40 to become a full-time professional NASCAR driver; became the second Black driver in NASCAR history to win a pole position, exactly forty years after Wendell Scott, already profiled in this collection, became the first
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Lewis, Anthony L.
Window cleaning device, ancestor of the modern squeegee
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Sports & Athletics
Lewis, Carl
Won nine Olympic gold medals across four Olympic Games, including matching Jesse Owens' feat of four golds in a single Games
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Visual Arts
Lewis, Edmonia (Mary)
First professional sculptor of African American and Native American heritage to achieve international recognition
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Agriculture & Food
Lewis, Edna Regina
Helped define and popularize authentic Southern cuisine through cookbooks centering African American food traditions; pioneered farm-to-table cooking decades before the term existed
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Agriculture & Food
Lewis, John June Sr.
Widely recognized as the first African American to own and operate a winery in the United States (Woburn Winery, Clarksville, Virginia, founded 1940)
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Law & Civil Rights
Lewis, John Robert
Served 17 terms in the U.S. House of Representatives after a foundational role in the 1960s civil rights movement; known as 'the conscience of the Congress'
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Visual Arts
Lewis, Norman
Abstract Expressionist painting; gestural, rhythmic abstraction often evoking crowds, processions, and music while alluding to Black urban life and social tensions; works include 'Harlem Turns White' (1955) and 'Evening Rendezvous'
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Business & Misc.
Lewis, Reginald F.
Attorney, financier, and entrepreneur who built TLC Beatrice International into a billion-dollar Black-owned corporation
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Law & Civil Rights
Lewis, William H.
First African American Assistant U.S. Attorney General
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Liele, George
Became the first ordained African American Baptist preacher in 1775 and, upon emigrating to Jamaica in 1782, is widely credited as America's first Baptist missionary, leaving to evangelize abroad a full decade before William Carey, often called the father of the modern missionary movement, departed for India
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Little Richard (Richard Wayne Penniman)
Self-proclaimed the “architect of rock and roll,” fused gospel, boogie-woogie, and rhythm and blues into an explosive new sound with 1955's “Tutti Frutti,” becoming one of the ten original inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 and a foundational influence on the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and generations of rock performers
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Business & Misc.
Little, Mabel
Built a multi-decade hair salon business in Tulsa's Greenwood District after arriving with $1.25
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Education
Little, Mary Lou Allison Gardner
Primary founder and first national president of Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority in 1922, the only one of the four historically Black sororities founded outside Howard University
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Science & Medicine
Lloyd, Ruth Smith
Reproductive endocrinology research
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Science & Medicine
Logan, Myra Adele
First woman to perform open-heart surgery
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Education
Logan, Rayford Whittingham
Coined the term “the nadir” to describe the post-Reconstruction era of American race relations in his landmark study The Betrayal of the Negro, and edited the Dictionary of American Negro Biography, a foundational reference work still cited by historians of Black America today
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Press & Photography
Lomax, Louis Emanuel
Became the first African American television journalist in 1958 when he joined New York’s WNTA-TV, then co-produced with Mike Wallace The Hate That Hate Produced (1959), the influential documentary that introduced most white Americans to the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Elijah Muhammad
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Literature & Writing
Lorde, Audre
Pioneering poet and essayist on race, gender, and sexuality; co-founded Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press
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Sports & Athletics
Louis, Joe
Defeated German boxer Max Schmeling in a fight widely seen as a symbolic rebuke of Nazi ideology
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Architecture & Design
Love-Stanley, Ivenue
Co-principal of the Atlanta-based architecture firm Stanley, Love-Stanley, PC
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Education
Love, Edgar Amos
Co-founded Omega Psi Phi Fraternity in 1911, the first international Black fraternity founded on a historically Black college campus; became its first Grand Basileus (National President) and later a Methodist bishop
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Love, John Lee
Portable hand-held pencil sharpener (the 'Love Sharpener') with an internal compartment to catch shavings; also an improved plasterer's hawk
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Business & Misc.
Love, Nat ('Deadwood Dick')
Celebrated Black cowboy of the post-Civil War American West; authored one of the only full-length autobiographies by a Black cowhand
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Lowe, Ann
Designed Jacqueline Bouvier's wedding dress for her 1953 marriage to John F. Kennedy
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Science & Medicine
Lynk, Beebe Steven
Co-founded the University of West Tennessee; pioneering chemistry educator
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Science & Medicine
Lynk, Miles Vandahurst
Founded the first medical journal published by an African American; co-founded the National Medical Association; founded the University of West Tennessee
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Mabley, Moms (Loretta Mary Aiken)
First female comedian to headline at Harlem's Apollo Theater, where she performed more times than any other entertainer in the venue's history; pioneered stand-up comedy as a vehicle for addressing race, sexuality, and aging through a deliberately disarming grandmotherly persona
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Architecture & Design
Mackey, Howard Hamilton
Worked in Howard University's architecture department for 50 years as architect, educator, and administrator
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Law & Civil Rights
Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie
Social worker, anti-apartheid organizer, ANC Women’s League leader and parliamentarian whose resistance to state repression coexists with a contested record of violence and criminal convictions.
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Architecture & Design
Madison, Robert P.
First African American to graduate from the Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve) School of Architecture (1948), and the first to earn an architecture degree in the state of Ohio; founded Robert P. Madison International, Ohio's first Black-owned architecture firm
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Mathematics
Mahoney, Carolyn Ray Boone
Proved new results in graph theory and matroid theory, including work on the Hadwiger-Nelson problem concerning the chromatic number of unit-distance graphs; became the first woman president of Lincoln University of Missouri
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Science & Medicine
Mahoney, Mary Eliza
Pioneering professional nursing practice and advocacy
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Mathematics
Malone-Mayes, Vivienne Lucille
Fifth African American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics; became Baylor University's first Black faculty member in 1966, five years after the university rejected her own application to study there because of her race
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Business & Misc.
Malone, Annie Turnbo
Pioneering Black beauty-industry entrepreneur and chemist: developed a line of non-damaging hair straighteners, scalp treatments, and oils (notably 'Wonderful Hair Grower') and founded Poro College, the first cosmetology school and agent-training system for Black hair-care professionals
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Mangin, Anna M.
Pastry fork, a kitchen implement with angular tines and cutters to work butter/lard into flour, beat eggs, mash potatoes, and prepare dressings without touching the food by hand
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Sports & Athletics
Manuel, Simone
First Black woman to win an individual Olympic gold medal in swimming
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Education
Marable, William Manning
Founded and directed Columbia University's Institute for Research in African-American Studies, wrote more than 20 books examining race and political economy in America, and was posthumously awarded the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for History for Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention, completed just before his death and released the day after
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Visual Arts
Marshall, Kerry James
Large-scale figurative painting (acrylic on unstretched canvas), drawing, and sculpture centering Black figures in everyday and historical scenes, deliberately rendered in deep, unapologetic black
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Law & Civil Rights
Marshall, Thurgood
Argued and won Brown v. Board of Education; became the first Black U.S. Supreme Court Justice
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Press & Photography
Martin, Roland Sebastian
Built Roland Martin Unfiltered into one of the most-watched independent Black-owned news programs in the country, growing it from a 2018 web series into the flagship of the Black Star Network after a career as executive editor of the Chicago Defender and a longtime CNN political contributor
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Business & Misc.
Mason, Bridget "Biddy"
Won her freedom through a landmark 1856 California court case, then became one of the first Black women to own land in Los Angeles, building a real estate fortune worth an estimated $300,000 at her death
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Mason, Charles Harrison
Holiness-Pentecostal ministry; founded and led the Church of God in Christ (COGIC), organizing it as a Pentecostal denomination after the Azusa Street Revival
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Science & Medicine
Massey, Walter E.
Co-founded the National Society of Black Physicists
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Science & Medicine
Massie, Samuel P.
Chemical research, Manhattan Project
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Industrial & Mechanical
Matzeliger, Jan Ernst
Automatic shoe lasting machine
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AI & Social Media
Mawakana, Tekedra
Co-CEO of Waymo, Alphabet's autonomous-driving technology company, since April 2021, overseeing business strategy and commercial rollout; among the few Black women leading a major U.S. technology company
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Press & Photography
Maynard, Robert Clyve
Became, in 1983, the first African American to own a major metropolitan daily newspaper in the United States, purchasing the Oakland Tribune and leading it to a 1990 Pulitzer Prize
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Education
Mays, Benjamin Elijah
President of Morehouse College for 27 years; widely regarded as Martin Luther King Jr.'s most influential personal mentor and 'intellectual father'
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Sports & Athletics
Mays, Willie
Widely regarded as one of the greatest all-around players in baseball history, famed for 'The Catch' in the 1954 World Series
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Sports & Athletics
Mayweather, Floyd Jr.
Undefeated five-division world champion boxer (50-0), winner of 15 major world titles and widely regarded as one of the greatest defensive fighters in the sport's history
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Architecture & Design
McAfee, Charles F.
One of the first African American registered architects in Kansas (1963); FAIA and recipient of the AIA Whitney M. Young Jr. Award; founded Charles F. McAfee Architects, Engineers & Planners and pioneered modular affordable-housing manufacturing
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Press & Photography
McAlpin, Harry Sylvester
Became the first African American reporter accredited to and to attend a U.S. presidential press conference, entering the Oval Office on February 8, 1944, over the objections of the all-white White House Correspondents’ Association
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Agriculture & Food
McBride John, Andréa
Co-founded and serves as CEO of McBride Sisters Wine Company, which she built with half-sister Robin McBride into the largest Black-owned and largest women-founded wine company in the United States
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Agriculture & Food
McBride, Robin
Co-founded McBride Sisters Wine Company in 2005 with half-sister Andréa McBride John, building it into the largest Black-owned wine company in the United States by volume
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Education
McClure, Cubena
Co-founded Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority in 1922 and hosted its first initiation ceremony; died of complications from appendicitis surgery before she could use the prestigious scholarship she had won
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Agriculture & Food
McCoy, Carlton
Became, in 2013 at age 28, only the second African American to pass the Master Sommelier examination, widely regarded as the hardest professional exam in the world, with an 8-10% pass rate, and went on to become Napa Valley's first Black CEO
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Industrial & Mechanical
McCoy, Elijah
Automatic lubricator for steam engines
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Law & Civil Rights
McCree, Wade H.
First African American judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
McDaniel, Hattie
First African American to win an Academy Award, for her supporting role in 'Gone with the Wind'
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Agriculture & Food
McDonald, Edward Lee "Mac"
Founded Vision Cellars in 1995, becoming one of the first Black-owned premium Pinot Noir labels in California, and co-founded the Association of African American Vintners in 2002 to expand Black participation in the wine industry
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Military & Safety
McGee, Charles
Combat fighter pilot across three wars (WWII, Korea, Vietnam)
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Business & Misc.
McGhee, Norman L. Sr.
Founded the first Black-owned brokerage firm in the United States; first African American licensed stock dealer in the Midwest
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Science & Medicine
McKane, Cornelius
Co-founded the first hospital in Monrovia, Liberia and a hospital and nursing school in Savannah, Georgia
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Literature & Writing
McKay, Claude
Author of 'Home to Harlem,' the first commercially successful novel by a Black writer in the United States
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AI & Social Media
McKelvey, Lenard "Charlamagne tha God"
Built The Breakfast Club into the most influential syndicated hip-hop radio and video-podcast show in the country, then launched the Black Effect Podcast Network in 2020, one of the largest Black-owned podcast networks in media
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
McKenzie, Vashti Murphy
Became the first woman elected bishop in the more than 200-year history of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 2000, later becoming the first woman to serve as Titular Head of the denomination and, in 2021, President and General Secretary of the National Council of Churches
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AI & Social Media
Mckesson, DeRay
Became one of the most recognized voices of the Black Lives Matter movement by documenting the 2014 Ferguson protests in real time on Twitter, then co-founded Campaign Zero, a data-driven policy platform for police reform
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Science & Medicine
McKinney-Steward, Susan
Pioneering medical practice in New York State
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
McKinney, Nina Mae
Pioneering actress, singer, and dancer who starred in MGM’s Hallelujah! and became one of Hollywood’s earliest recognized Black female film stars
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Architecture & Design
McKissack, Calvin Lunsford
Co-founded McKissack & McKissack, the oldest minority-owned architectural-engineering firm in the United States
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Architecture & Design
McKissack, Moses III
Co-founded McKissack & McKissack, the oldest Black-owned architectural firm in America
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Transportation
McNair, Ronald (Expanded profile)
Laser physics research and spaceflight engineering
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Press & Photography
McNeill, Robert H.
Documented Black community life in Washington, D.C., for more than four decades while producing what became a foundational visual record of African American life in Depression-era Virginia for the Works Progress Administration’s 1940 publication The Negro in Virginia
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Transportation
Melvin, Leland
Spacecraft payload and crew operations engineering
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Business & Misc.
Merrick, John
Founded the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, which became the world's largest Black-owned business within its first years
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Micheaux, Oscar
Pioneering independent feature filmmaking and film production methods
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Science & Medicine
Mickens, Ronald E.
Mathematical epidemiology and nonlinear dynamics research; historian preserving the archival record of Black physicists
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Industrial & Mechanical
Miles, Alexander
Automatically closing elevator doors
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Agriculture & Food
Miles, Dolester 'Dol'
Named the James Beard Foundation's Outstanding Pastry Chef in 2018 after three prior nominations; longtime executive pastry chef at Birmingham's Highlands Bar and Grill, an Alabama institution recognized as the James Beard Foundation's Outstanding Restaurant the same year
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Military & Safety
Miller, Doris 'Dorie'
First African American to receive the Navy Cross, the Navy's third-highest decoration for valor
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Mathematics
Miller, Kelly
First African American graduate student in mathematics in U.S. history, studying at Johns Hopkins University in 1887; deliberately redirected a promising pure mathematics career toward sociology and public advocacy for Black civil rights
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Mitchell, Arthur
First African American principal dancer at a major ballet company; founded Dance Theatre of Harlem in 1969, the first major Black classical ballet company in the United States
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Agriculture & Food
Mitchell, John W.
Agricultural extension organizing; co-founded bulk-purchasing farm credit union
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AI & Social Media
Mohamed, Shakir
Co-founded the Deep Learning Indaba in 2017, a grassroots organization that has grown into the largest pan-African AI research and community-building movement, while working as a senior AI research director at Google DeepMind
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Mohammed, Warith Deen
Reformed the Nation of Islam into a mainstream Sunni Muslim community following his father Elijah Muhammad's death in 1975, guiding hundreds of thousands of followers away from its founding racial theology and toward orthodox Islamic practice, and in 1992 became the first Muslim to deliver an invocation before the United States Senate
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Technology & Engineering
Montague, Raye Jean
Created the first computer-generated rough draft/design of a U.S. naval ship; developed the computer program that produced complete frigate specifications in under 19 hours (a process that previously took about two years)
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Monte, Eric (Kenneth Williams)
Created the characters and concepts behind 'Good Times,' 'The Jeffersons,' and 'What's Happening!!,' three landmark Black sitcoms of the 1970s, though credit and creative control were largely retained by producer Norman Lear until Monte won a lawsuit and settlement in 1977
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Transportation
Montgomery, Benjamin
Steam-powered boat propeller for shallow water navigation
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Business & Misc.
Montgomery, Isaiah Thornton
Co-founded Mound Bayou, Mississippi, in 1887, which grew into the largest self-governing all-Black town in the United States, with its own bank, cotton oil mill, and thousands of Black landowning residents at its peak
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Business & Misc.
Moore, Aaron McDuffie
Co-founded the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company; served as its second president
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Science & Medicine
Moore, Ruth Ella
Bacteriology and microbiology research, tuberculosis, blood-group distribution among Black Americans, dental caries, and the response of gut microorganisms to antibiotics
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Law & Civil Rights
Moore, Wesley 'Wes'
First African American governor of Maryland; fifth African American to serve as a U.S. state governor overall
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Science & Medicine
Moore, Willie Hobbs
Pioneering physics research and education
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Industrial & Mechanical
Morgan, Garrett
Smoke hood (early gas mask); three-position traffic signal
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Morris, Elias Camp
First president of the National Baptist Convention, today the largest historically Black Christian denomination in the United States
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Literature & Writing
Morrison, Toni
First Black woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in 1993; author of 'Beloved,' winner of the 1988 Pulitzer Prize
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Education
Morse, Leonard Frederick
Co-founded Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity in 1914; personally selected its Greek name and wrote its founding constitution
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Business & Misc.
Morton, Azie Taylor
First African American woman to have her signature appear on U.S. currency
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Law & Civil Rights
Moseley Braun, Carol
First African American woman elected to the U.S. Senate
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Sports & Athletics
Moses, Edwin
Remained unbeaten in the 400-meter hurdles for nearly ten years, one of the longest win streaks in track and field history
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Architecture & Design
Moses, William Henry Jr.
Founded the architecture program at Hampton Institute (now Hampton University)
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Science & Medicine
Mossell, Nathan Francis
Founded the Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital, one of the first Black-owned hospitals in Philadelphia
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Visual Arts
Motley, Archibald John Jr.
Major Harlem Renaissance-era painter known for vivid depictions of Black urban and nightlife in Chicago, despite his own complicated relationship to the movement itself
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Law & Civil Rights
Motley, Constance Baker
First Black woman to argue before the U.S. Supreme Court; wrote the original Brown v. Board of Education complaint
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Technology & Engineering
Mouton, Melba Roy
NASA computer programming and trajectory analysis; coded programs to compute spacecraft locations and trajectories and produced orbital element timetables for the Echo 1 and 2 satellites
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Press & Photography
Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne
Spent five years (1977-1982) documenting the Gullah Geechee community of South Carolina’s Daufuskie Island before development transformed it, publishing the results as Daufuskie Island (1982) with a foreword by Alex Haley, and authored Viewfinders (1986), the first book-length history of Black women photographers in America
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Architecture & Design
Moutoussamy, John W.
Designed the Johnson Publishing Company headquarters, the first high-rise in Chicago designed by a Black architect
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Science & Medicine
Mtingwa, Sekazi
Co-founded the National Society of Black Physicists; high-energy physics research
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Muhammad, Elijah
Led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975, building it from a small Detroit congregation into a nationwide organization with tens of thousands of members, a network of independently owned farms, businesses, schools, and a major newspaper, while mentoring Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali
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Press & Photography
Muhammad, Ozier
Shared the 1985 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting for Newsday’s “Africa, the Desperate Continent” series documenting famine on the continent, then spent 22 years as a staff photographer for The New York Times covering Nelson Mandela’s inauguration, Barack Obama’s presidential campaign, and Hurricane Katrina’s aftermath
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Transportation
Mulzac, Hugh Nathaniel
First African American to command a fully integrated U.S. merchant vessel
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Press & Photography
Murphy, Carl James Greenbury
Led the Baltimore Afro-American for 45 years after his father’s death in 1922, building it from a single 14,000-circulation weekly into a nine-edition national newspaper chain reaching more than 200,000 readers across 13 cities
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Murphy, Eddie
Comedian, actor, and singer who became one of the defining box-office draws of the 1980s and one of the highest-grossing actors in film history; rose to fame as a cast member on 'Saturday Night Live' (1980-1984) and headlined blockbuster comedies including '48 Hrs.,' 'Trading Places,' 'Beverly Hills Cop,' and 'Coming to America,' opening doors for a generation of Black comedians and actors.
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Press & Photography
Murphy, John Henry Sr.
Founded the Baltimore Afro-American in 1892 by merging his church newsletter with a bankrupt local paper he purchased for $200, building what remains one of the oldest continuously operating Black family-owned newspapers in the United States
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Education
Murphy, Vashti Turley
Co-founded Delta Sigma Theta Sorority in 1913; founded the organization's Baltimore alumnae chapter and married into the family publishing the influential Afro-American newspapers
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Agriculture & Food
Murray, George Washington
Agricultural machinery: furrow opener, stalk-knocker-cultivator, fertilizer distributor, mechanical cotton chopper
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Business & Misc.
Nail, John Edward
Co-founded Nail & Parker, Inc., the Harlem real estate firm that continued and expanded Philip Payton Jr.'s vision after Payton's death, eventually managing nearly fifty apartment buildings worth $1 million annually, earning Nail and his partner the title 'Little Fathers' of Harlem
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Science & Medicine
Neal, Homer Alfred Jr.
Particle physics research with the ATLAS experiment at CERN
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Industrial & Mechanical
Ned (surname not recorded)
Invented an effective double cotton scraper in 1857 that allowed a single pass to plow and scrape both sides of a cotton row, a labor-saving mechanical improvement that became the central case establishing that enslaved inventors were legally barred from holding U.S. patents
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Business & Misc.
Newman, Lyda D.
Improved synthetic-bristle hairbrush design for Black hair care
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Business & Misc.
Nickerson, William Jr.
Founded the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company after California's existing insurers refused to cover most Black residents
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Law & Civil Rights
Nix, Robert N. C. Jr.
First African American chief justice of a state supreme court
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Press & Photography
Noble, Gilbert Edward “Gil”
Created and hosted WABC-TV’s Like It Is for 43 years, the longest-running Black public affairs program in New York television history, producing landmark documentaries on Malcolm X, Paul Robeson, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Martin Luther King Jr.
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AI & Social Media
Noble, Safiya Umoja
Authored Algorithms of Oppression (2018), the foundational study documenting how search engines like Google encode and amplify racist and sexist bias, coining a framework for understanding search as a form of “technological redlining”
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Sports & Athletics
Norman, Conrad
Founded the Alpha Physical Culture Club, an early Black athletic organization, and coached the first all-Black women's basketball team
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Press & Photography
Norris, Michele L.
Became the first African American woman to host NPR’s flagship program All Things Considered in 2002, then created The Race Card Project in 2010, a Peabody Award-winning national storytelling initiative that has collected more than 500,000 six-word narratives about race and identity
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Press & Photography
O’Brien, María de la Soledad Teresa
Anchored CNN’s American Morning and created the network’s landmark In America documentary series, including Black in America and Latino in America, before founding Starfish Media Group in 2013 to continue producing hard-hitting documentary journalism on race and inequality
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Sports & Athletics
O'Ree, Willie
First Black player in National Hockey League history
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Law & Civil Rights
Obama, Barack
44th President of the United States; first African American to hold the office
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Law & Civil Rights
Obama, Michelle LaVaughn Robinson
Became the first African American First Lady of the United States in 2009, leading national initiatives on childhood nutrition, education, and military families, and later authored Becoming, one of the best-selling memoirs in publishing history with more than 17 million copies sold worldwide
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Mathematics
Okikiolu, Katherine
Analysis and geometry; research on elliptic differential operators and spectral geometry (the relationship between the geometry of a space and the behavior of operators defined on it)
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Science & Medicine
Oluseyi, Hakeem Muata
Developed space science technologies; holds 7 U.S. and 4 E.U. patents on devices including computer chip components
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Science & Medicine
Onesimus
Introduced the principle and procedure of variolation (smallpox inoculation) to colonial Boston, deliberately introducing material from a smallpox pustule into a small skin wound to confer immunity, based on a practice long used in West Africa
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Agriculture & Food
Onwuachi, Kwame
Opened five restaurants before turning thirty, including Washington D.C.'s acclaimed Kith/Kin; won the James Beard Foundation's Rising Star Chef of the Year award in 2019; his memoir 'Notes from a Young Black Chef' was named one of Time's essential books and is being adapted into a feature film
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Science & Medicine
Osborne, Estelle Massey
First African-American to earn a master's degree in nursing
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Law & Civil Rights
Overstreet, Morris
First African American elected to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
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Business & Misc.
Overton, Anthony
Built one of the first major Black-owned business conglomerates (cosmetics, banking, publishing)
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Sports & Athletics
Owens, Jesse
Won four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, directly undermining Nazi claims of Aryan racial supremacy
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Science & Medicine
Owens, Joan Murrell
Marine biology, geology, and paleontology; research on deep-sea 'button' corals, described a new genus (Rhombopsammia, with species R. niphada and R. squiresi) and a new species (Letepsammia franki), and proposed how reduced calcium carbonate at depth shaped coral evolution
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Business & Misc.
Pace, Harry
Founded Black Swan Records, one of the first Black-owned record labels
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Agriculture & Food
Paige, Ralph McDaniel
Led the Federation of Southern Cooperatives for 46 years, personally obtaining the Freedom of Information Act documents that built the legal foundation for Pigford v. Glickman, already profiled in this collection; grew the organization from 22 to 75 cooperatives while building 18 community credit unions
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Sports & Athletics
Paige, Satchel (Leroy)
First Negro Leagues player inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Parker, Alice H.
Gas-powered central heating furnace
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Industrial & Mechanical
Parker, John P.
Invented a tobacco screw press; founded an iron foundry
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Parks, Gordon Roger Alexander Buchanan
Directed 'The Learning Tree,' the first feature film by a Black director financed by a major Hollywood studio, and 'Shaft,' which co-created the Blaxploitation genre and introduced the Black action hero to mainstream cinema
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Industrial & Mechanical
Parsons, James Albert Jr.
Developed Durimet 20 (Alloy 20), a corrosion-resistant stainless steel alloy still used across the petrochemical, pharmaceutical, nuclear, and food-processing industries, and held eight patents in noncorrosive metals over a 30-year career as chief metallurgist at the Duriron Company
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Law & Civil Rights
Parsons, James Benton
First African American appointed as a life-tenured (Article III) U.S. District Court judge
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Law & Civil Rights
Paterson, David Alexander
First legally blind person to serve as governor of a U.S. state; third African American to serve as a state governor
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Law & Civil Rights
Patrick, Deval
First African American governor of Massachusetts; second Black governor in U.S. history and the first elected to a second term
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Transportation
Patterson, Charles Richard
Founded C.R. Patterson & Sons, the only automobile manufacturing company in U.S. history founded and owned by an African American
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Industrial & Mechanical
Patterson, Frederick Douglass
Engineered and built the Patterson-Greenfield automobile in 1915, making his family's company, C.R. Patterson & Sons, the first and to date only African American-owned and operated automobile manufacturer in U.S. history
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Science & Medicine
Patton Washington, Georgia E.L.
First woman to earn a medical degree from Meharry Medical College; epidemiological research in Liberia
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Payne, Daniel Alexander
First African American president of a college in the United States; transformed the AME Church's ministry into a formally educated clergy and helped found Wilberforce University
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Press & Photography
Payne, Ethel Lois
Became, alongside Alice Dunnigan, one of the first Black women in the White House press corps, earning the title “First Lady of the Black Press” for three decades of Washington and international reporting for the Chicago Defender that helped set the national civil rights agenda
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Press & Photography
Payne, Leslie “Les”
Won the 1974 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service as part of Newsday’s “Heroin Trail” investigative team, co-founded the National Association of Black Journalists in 1975, and, nearly three decades in the making, posthumously won the 2021 Pulitzer Prize for Biography for The Dead Are Arising, his exhaustively researched life of Malcolm X, completed after his death by his daughter and principal researcher, Tamara Payne
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Business & Misc.
Payton, Philip Anthony Jr.
Founded the Afro-American Realty Company in 1904 and personally engineered the real estate strategy that transformed Harlem from a predominantly white neighborhood into the Black cultural capital that hosted the Harlem Renaissance
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Science & Medicine
Peck, David Jones
First African-American to graduate from a U.S. medical school
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Industrial & Mechanical
Pelham, Robert
Pasting apparatus for U.S. Census Bureau statistical processing
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Business & Misc.
Pelzer, Nathan
Founded Clinify Health, a data analytics platform for underserved community health clinics
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Agriculture & Food
Penniman, Leah
Co-founded Soul Fire Farm in 2010, an Afro-Indigenous centered farm and training program that has run food-sovereignty and Black/Brown farmer training programs for more than 10,000 participants nationwide
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Perry, Tyler
Playwright, actor, and filmmaker who built one of the largest film and television production complexes in the United States and is widely recognized as the first African American to solely own a major film studio; creator of the enormously popular Madea franchise and one of the most commercially successful Black filmmakers in history.
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Architecture & Design
Persley, Louis H.
First African American to register with the Georgia State Board of Registered Architects
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Mathematics
Petters, Arlie O.
Mathematical physics; founded the mathematical theory of gravitational lensing (how gravity bends light), drawing on singularity theory, differential geometry, and probability; explored tests for a possible fourth spatial dimension
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Transportation
Pickering, John F.
Fan-driven airship design with directional and altitude control
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Sports & Athletics
Pickett, Bill (Willie M.)
Invented bulldogging, the rodeo technique that evolved into modern steer wrestling; first Black cowboy inducted into the National Rodeo Hall of Fame
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Agriculture & Food
Pigford, Timothy
Lead plaintiff in Pigford v. Glickman, the 1999 class action settlement against the USDA that became, at the time, the largest civil rights settlement in American history, ultimately paying or crediting nearly $1 billion to Black farmers discriminated against in federal farm lending
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Law & Civil Rights
Pinchback, P.B.S. (Pinckney Benton Stewart)
Generally credited as the first African American to serve as a U.S. state governor, taking an oath of office in Louisiana in 1872
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Visual Arts
Pippin, Horace
Self-taught painter eulogized by The New York Times as 'the most important Negro painter' in American history; first Black artist to be the subject of a published monograph
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Architecture & Design
Pittman, William Sidney
First African American to receive a federal architectural design contract
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Press & Photography
Pitts, Byron A.
Overcame childhood illiteracy and a severe stutter to become chief national correspondent for CBS Evening News and a regular 60 Minutes contributor, then co-anchor of ABC News’ Nightline, winning multiple Emmy Awards over more than four decades in broadcast journalism
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Business & Misc.
Pleasant, Mary Ellen
Built a real estate, mining, and boardinghouse fortune in Gold Rush-era San Francisco while covertly running California's western branch of the Underground Railroad, becoming, by most accounts, the first self-made Black millionaire in American history, decades before Madam C.J. Walker
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Business & Misc.
Plybeah, Erica
Founded MedHaul, a medical transportation logistics platform
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Science & Medicine
Poindexter, Hildrus Augustus
Bacteriology and the epidemiology of tropical diseases, malaria, schistosomiasis, and other infectious diseases; field research and disease-control programs across Africa, Asia, South America, and the Caribbean
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Business & Misc.
Point du Sable, Jean Baptiste
Established the first permanent trading settlement at the mouth of the Chicago River in the 1780s, building it into a prosperous multi-building trading post recognized as the founding settlement of what became the city of Chicago
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Poitier, Sidney
First Black actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor
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Press & Photography
Polk, Prentice Herman “P.H.”
Served as Tuskegee Institute’s official photographer for roughly four decades, developing a sharp-focused, high-contrast portrait style used to document George Washington Carver, the Tuskegee Airmen, and both the campus elite and rural working-class Alabamians in his celebrated “Old Characters” series
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Sports & Athletics
Pollard, Fritz
One of the first two African American players in the NFL; first Black head coach in professional sports history
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Law & Civil Rights
Powell, Colin Luther
First African American Secretary of State; first Black Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
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Sports & Athletics
Powell, Renee
Pioneering professional golfer and golf-club operator; the second African American woman to play on the LPGA Tour (1967), and since the mid-1990s the head professional and operator of Clearview Golf Club, the course her father built
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Industrial & Mechanical
Powell, William
Founded the Standard Repair Shop, a mechanical and ironworking business
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Business & Misc.
Powell, William 'Bill' (golf)
Founded, designed, built, financed, owned, and operated Clearview Golf Club in East Canton, Ohio, clearing and seeding the land largely by hand (work begun 1946; first nine holes opened 1948; expanded to 18 holes in 1978)
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Transportation
Powell, William J. (aviator)
Founded the Bessie Coleman Aero Club and organized the first all-Black air show in U.S. history
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Science & Medicine
Prescod-Weinstein, Chanda
Theoretical cosmology and particle physics research; launched the Cite Black Women+ in Physics and Astronomy Bibliography
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Business & Misc.
Price, Lisa
Founded Carol's Daughter, one of the first African American-owned beauty brands to achieve a national flagship retail presence
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Pride, Charley
Country music's first African American superstar; a warm-baritoned singer who broke the genre's racial barriers, scored dozens of number-one hits for RCA, and became the first Black artist inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame as a performer.
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Primus, Pearl Eileen
Pioneered the serious anthropological study and concert presentation of African dance in the United States; choreographed 'Strange Fruit' and 'The Negro Speaks of Rivers' as direct artistic responses to lynching and racial injustice
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Prince (Prince Rogers Nelson)
Pioneered the genre-blending “Minneapolis sound” fusing funk, rock, R&B, and new wave, and in 1984 became the first artist to simultaneously hold the number-one film, album, and single in the United States with Purple Rain, a feat that also earned him an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score
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Business & Misc.
Procope, Ernesta
Founded E.G. Bowman, the first Black-owned business located on Wall Street
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Education
Prosser, Inez Beverly
First African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology, though her dissertation's findings were later controversially cited by opponents of school desegregation
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Pryor, Richard Franklin Lennox Thomas
Transformed American stand-up comedy by bringing unflinching honesty about race, addiction, and his own troubled life to the stage; first recipient of the Kennedy Center's Mark Twain Prize for American Humor
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Architecture & Design
Purnell, Marshall E.
The first African American president of the American Institute of Architects (elected 2006; served as 84th president, 2008); design principal and co-founder of Devrouax + Purnell Architects and Planners in Washington, D.C.; former president of the National Organization of Minority Architects (1985-1986)
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Technology & Engineering
Purvis, William B.
Improved fountain pen with an elastic feed tube that returned excess ink to the reservoir for even ink flow; also paper-bag-making machines, a self-inking hand stamp, a bag fastener, and a close-conduit electric railway system
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Education
Quarles, Benjamin Arthur
Documented Black Americans as active participants rather than passive bystanders in the American Revolution and Civil War through landmark works including The Negro in the American Revolution (1961) and The Negro in the Civil War (1953), and became the first Black historian published in a major mainstream historical journal
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Military & Safety
Quarterman, Lloyd Albert
Fluoride chemistry research, Manhattan Project
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AI & Social Media
Rae, Issa
Created the YouTube web series “The Misadventures of Awkward Black Girl” in 2011 after networks wanted to make Black-led content “less black,” crowdfunding its second season herself before it led to HBO's “Insecure” and her own production studio
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Technology & Engineering
Raji, Inioluwa Deborah
Co-authored the 2019 'Actionable Auditing' study with Joy Buolamwini, already profiled in this collection, directly leading Amazon to face sustained public pressure over racial and gender bias in its facial recognition technology; later co-authored major frameworks for internal AI accountability auditing alongside Timnit Gebru, also already profiled here
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Press & Photography
Randall, Herbert Eugene Jr.
Co-founded the Kamoinge Workshop in 1963, then spent the summer of 1964 as the primary photographer embedded with Mississippi Freedom Summer’s Hattiesburg project, producing 1,759 negatives that stand as one of the most complete visual records of a single Civil Rights-era community
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Agriculture & Food
Randall, Joseph 'Joe' (Glascoe)
Founded the African American Chefs Hall of Fame in 1993 to recognize Black culinary professionals long overlooked by the industry; co-authored the foundational 1998 cookbook 'A Taste of Heritage,' inducted into the James Beard Foundation's Cookbook Hall of Fame in 2023
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Law & Civil Rights
Randolph, A. Philip
Labor organizer who led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and linked Black civil rights with economic justice
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Law & Civil Rights
Rangel, Charles Bernard
First African American to chair the House Ways and Means Committee; served 46 years in Congress
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Law & Civil Rights
Ray, Charlotte E.
First known African American woman lawyer in the United States
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Ray, Lloyd P.
Improved dust-pan with a reinforced floor-contact edge and a removable, spring-fastened adjustable handle
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Architecture & Design
Rayfield, Wallace A.
Designed over 400 buildings across 20 states, including offering mail-order architectural plans nationwide
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Mathematics
Reason, Charles L.
Mathematics instruction and scholarship in the antebellum era, alongside work as a linguist and educator; taught mathematics, Greek, Latin, and French
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Press & Photography
Reed, Ellis “Eli”
Became the first Black photographer admitted as a full member of Magnum Photos, the world’s most prestigious photojournalism cooperative, in 1988, following acclaimed coverage of civil wars in Lebanon and Central America
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Literature & Writing
Reed, Ishmael
Fiction, poetry, essays, and drama; satirical, genre-bending novels including 'Mumbo Jumbo' (1972), 'The Free-Lance Pallbearers' (1967), and 'Flight to Canada' (1976), and poetry such as 'Conjure' (1972); developed the 'Neo-HooDoo' aesthetic
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Reed, Judy W.
Improved dough kneading and rolling machine
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Reese, Tracy
Founded an eponymous fashion label known for color and inclusive sizing; became the sole African American member of the CFDA board
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Law & Civil Rights
Reeves, Bass
First African American Deputy U.S. Marshal west of the Mississippi River; arrested over 3,000 outlaws across a 32-year career; widely believed to be a real-life inspiration for the Lone Ranger legend
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Technology & Engineering
Reid, Tahira
Double-Dutch jump rope mechanism / engineering design device
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Reid, Timothy Lee Sr.
Co-created and starred in 'Frank's Place,' a critically acclaimed 1987 dramedy; co-founded New Millennium Studios in Virginia, the first Black-owned film studio in the U.S. since the 1930s
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Law & Civil Rights
Revels, Hiram Rhodes
First African American to serve in the U.S. Congress, seated in the Senate in 1870 just 22 days after the 15th Amendment's ratification
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Industrial & Mechanical
Reynolds, Humphrey H.
Railway passenger car ventilator that filtered out dust and cinders
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Rhimes, Shonda
Television writer, showrunner, and producer who reshaped American prime-time television; the first African American woman to create and executive produce a top-ten network series ('Grey's Anatomy') and the first woman to create three dramas that each reached the 100-episode milestone.
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Sports & Athletics
Rhodes, Ted
Pioneering African American professional golfer; dominant on the all-Black United Golfers Association (UGA) tour and an early challenger of the PGA's whites-only membership clause
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Sports & Athletics
Ribbs, Willy T.
First Black driver to compete in an Indy-car/CART race and first Black driver to qualify for the Indianapolis 500
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Law & Civil Rights
Rice, Condoleezza
First Black woman to serve as U.S. Secretary of State; first woman to serve as National Security Advisor
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Transportation
Richardson, Adrian T.
One of the small number of Black captains to command integrated crews aboard Liberty ships during World War II, alongside Hugh Mulzac
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Industrial & Mechanical
Richardson, Albert C.
Casket-lowering device for use at gravesites
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Richardson, William H.
Reversible baby carriage design with independently rotating wheels
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Agriculture & Food
Rideau, Iris
Opened Rideau Vineyard in 1997, believed to be the first winery in the United States owned and operated by a Black woman
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Industrial & Mechanical
Rillieux, Norbert
Multiple-effect evaporator for sugar refining
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Visual Arts
Ringgold, Faith
Painting, mixed-media sculpture, performance, and especially narrative 'story quilts' combining painted canvas, fabric, and text to tell stories of Black and feminine life; also a celebrated children's-book author/illustrator
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Military & Safety
Rivers, Ruben
Received the Medal of Honor posthumously in 1997 for repeatedly refusing evacuation after a severe wound to continue leading his tank platoon in combat near Guebling, France, in November 1944, one of seven Black WWII veterans honored after a 1990s Army study confirmed racial discrimination had denied Black soldiers fair Medal of Honor consideration
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Transportation
Roberts, Homer B.
Founded the first African American-owned car dealership in the United States
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Press & Photography
Roberts, Richard Samuel
Operated a Columbia, South Carolina, portrait studio from 1922 to 1936 that produced what became, after a chance 1977 rediscovery of his glass-plate negatives, the most comprehensive surviving photographic record of a Southern Black middle class community in the early 20th century
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Press & Photography
Roberts, Robin Renée
Became the first Black woman to anchor ESPN’s flagship SportsCenter program in 1990, then, since 2005, has co-anchored ABC’s Good Morning America, leading it back to the No. 1 morning-show ranking and earning a 2012 Peabody Award for her on-air documentation of her own cancer treatment
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Robinson, Cleo Parker
Founded the Cleo Parker Robinson Dance Ensemble in 1970, building it into a major Denver-based dance institution now in its sixth decade; studied directly under Katherine Dunham and Arthur Mitchell, already profiled in this collection
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Sports & Athletics
Robinson, Eddie Sr.
Winningest college football coach in history at the time of his retirement, sending over 200 players to the NFL from a historically Black university
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Industrial & Mechanical
Robinson, Elbert R.
Patented improvements to the electric railway trolley in 1893 and 1898 that helped secure trolley wheels to overhead power lines as streetcars rounded curves or traveled inclines, refining a critical piece of urban mass-transit infrastructure during the height of the electric streetcar era
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Sports & Athletics
Robinson, Frank
First Black manager in Major League Baseball history; only player to win MVP in both leagues
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Architecture & Design
Robinson, Hilyard
Designed the Langston Terrace Dwellings public housing project and the Tuskegee Army training base
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Sports & Athletics
Robinson, Jackie
Broke Major League Baseball's color barrier in the modern era
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Military & Safety
Robinson, James H.
Lifesaving net device for rescuing people from the path of speeding locomotives
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Transportation
Robinson, John Charles
Known as the 'Father of the Tuskegee Airmen' for planting the idea of an aviation program at Tuskegee Institute; commanded the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force against the 1935-36 Italian invasion
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Press & Photography
Robinson, Maxie Cleveland Jr.
Became, in 1978, the first African American to anchor a nightly network newscast, co-anchoring ABC's “World News Tonight” from Chicago alongside Frank Reynolds and Peter Jennings, and co-founded the National Association of Black Journalists in 1975
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Industrial & Mechanical
Robinson, Robert Nathaniel
Worked as a toolmaker and mechanical engineer across a remarkable 44-year career spanning Ford Motor Company's Detroit plant and, later, major Soviet industrial facilities including the Stalingrad Tractor Plant and Moscow's First State Ball Bearing Plant, where he submitted dozens of proposals to improve tool-production methods
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Military & Safety
Robinson, Roscoe Jr.
Became, in 1982, the first African American promoted to four-star general in the U.S. Army, only the second Black officer of any U.S. military branch to reach that rank, after Daniel “Chappie” James Jr. in the Air Force, already profiled in this collection
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Law & Civil Rights
Robinson, Spottswood W. III
Pioneering opinions on civil rights, equal employment law, and administrative law as a federal appellate judge
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Sports & Athletics
Robinson, Sugar Ray (Walker Smith Jr.)
Widely ranked as the greatest pound-for-pound boxer in history
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Robinson, Sylvia
Produced "Rapper's Delight" (1979), the first commercially successful rap single -- the first to reach the Billboard Hot 100 and to sell a million copies -- and "The Message" (1982); founded Sugar Hill Records and is known as the "Mother of Hip-Hop"
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Law & Civil Rights
Rock, John S.
First African American admitted to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court
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Business & Misc.
Rogers, John W. Jr.
Founded Ariel Investments, the first and largest Black-owned investment firm in the United States
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Science & Medicine
Roman, Charles Victor
Founded Meharry Medical College's Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology; first editor of the Journal of the National Medical Association
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Press & Photography
Rowan, Carl Thomas
Became the highest-ranking African American in the U.S. government as director of the United States Information Agency under President Lyndon Johnson, then spent more than three decades as one of the nation’s most widely syndicated Black newspaper columnists
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Sports & Athletics
Rowe, Myles
First Black driver to win an INDYCAR-sanctioned race and first Black driver to win a North American open-wheel championship
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Sports & Athletics
Rudolph, Wilma
First American woman to win three track and field gold medals in a single Olympics
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Sports & Athletics
Russell, Bill
First Black head coach in NBA history; first Black coach to win an NBA championship
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Technology & Engineering
Russell, Jesse E.
Digital cellular base station technology
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Russell, Malinda
Author of the first known cookbook by an African American
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Agriculture & Food
Russell, Mariya (Moore-Russell)
Became the first Black woman to receive a Michelin star in the guide's 94-year history, awarded in September 2019 for her work as chef de cuisine at Chicago's Kikkō
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Press & Photography
Russwurm, John Brown
Co-founded Freedom's Journal in 1827, the first African American-owned and -operated newspaper in the United States, and became just the third Black person to graduate from an American college
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Press & Photography
Ryan, April Danielle
Served as a White House correspondent for nearly three decades beginning in 1997, becoming the longest-serving Black female reporter in the White House press corps and covering five presidential administrations for American Urban Radio Networks and later theGrio
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Architecture & Design
Ryder, Donald P.
Co-founded Bond Ryder & Associates; designed Black heritage sites
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Visual Arts
Saar, Betye
Assemblage and mixed-media art; densely layered constructions of found objects exploring African American identity, spirituality, memory, and the reclamation of racist imagery; best known for 'The Liberation of Aunt Jemima' (1972)
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Architecture & Design
Sablan, Pascale
Founded Beyond the Built Environment, a platform amplifying women and people of color in architecture globally
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AI & Social Media
Saint John, Bozoma
Held chief marketing or brand officer roles at Apple Music, Uber, Endeavor, and Netflix, becoming Netflix's first Black C-level executive, and was named the world's most influential CMO by Forbes in 2021
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Sammons, Walter H.
Improved heated hair-straightening ('hot') comb, pre-heated before use to smooth coarse or curly hair more safely
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Sampson, George T.
Automatic clothes dryer using stove-heated frame design; sled propeller
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Science & Medicine
Sampson, Henry T. Jr.
Co-invented the gamma-electric cell; solid rocket propellant research
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Agriculture & Food
Samuelsson, Marcus (Kassahun Tsegie)
Youngest chef ever to receive a three-star New York Times restaurant review; opened Harlem's Red Rooster in 2010, cooked the Obama administration's first state dinner, and has won eight James Beard Foundation Awards
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Literature & Writing
Sanchez, Sonia
Poetry, plays, and children's books; experimental verse that fuses blues and musical forms with haiku and tanka and renders Black English on the page; collections include 'Homecoming' (1969) and 'We a BaddDDD People' (1970)
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Transportation
Sanders, Mingo
Senior enlisted soldier of the 25th Infantry Bicycle Corps, which completed a nearly 2,000-mile bicycle expedition across the American West in 1897
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Science & Medicine
Satcher, David
Public health leadership and policy; as Surgeon General, issued landmark reports on tobacco use among minorities, mental health, suicide prevention, and sexual health, and worked to eliminate racial health disparities
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Science & Medicine
Satcher, Robert 'Bobby' Lee Jr.
First orthopedic surgeon to travel into space; bone cancer specialist
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Visual Arts
Savage, Augusta
Pioneering Harlem Renaissance sculptor and educator who launched the careers of numerous major Black artists, including Jacob Lawrence
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Science & Medicine
Scantlebury, Velma P.
Organ transplantation surgery (kidney and other organs); performed more than 2,000 transplants and advanced education on organ donation in Black communities
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Press & Photography
Schuyler, George Samuel
Wrote for the Pittsburgh Courier for more than four decades as columnist and chief editorial writer, and published Black No More (1931), widely considered the first satirical novel written by an African American author
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Scott-Heron, Gil
Poet, musician, and author widely called the 'Godfather of Rap'; his socially conscious spoken-word recordings, above all 'The Revolution Will Not Be Televised', fused poetry with jazz, blues, and soul and became a foundational influence on hip-hop.
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Agriculture & Food
Scott, Rodney
Only the second pitmaster ever to win a James Beard Foundation chef award, named Best Chef: Southeast in 2018; began cooking whole hog barbecue at his family's South Carolina restaurant at age 11 and authored the first cookbook published by a Black pitmaster
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Science & Medicine
Scott, Roland B.
Pioneering pediatric research on sickle cell disease; authored a landmark 1948 study on red-cell sickling in newborns that led toward routine newborn screening; 250+ publications on sickle cell, allergy, and child development
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Technology & Engineering
Scott, Samuel J.
One of the first four Black engineers hired at NASA's Langley Research Center
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Law & Civil Rights
Scott, Timothy Eugene
First Black senator from the South since Reconstruction; became the longest-serving Black senator in U.S. history in 2025
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Industrial & Mechanical
Scott, Wendell Oliver Sr.
Trained as a skilled auto mechanic under his own father before opening his own repair shop; built and personally maintained his own NASCAR race cars for two decades using a self-taught engineering ability that let him compete against well-funded teams employing professional mechanic crews
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Press & Photography
Scott, William Alexander II
Founded the Atlanta World in 1928 at age 26, which became the Atlanta Daily World in 1932, the first successful African American daily newspaper of the 20th century, and built the nation’s first chain of Black newspapers, eventually growing to fifty publications
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Industrial & Mechanical
Scottron, Samuel
Adjustable mirror design; extension window cornice; synthetic onyx manufacturing process
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Press & Photography
Scurlock, Addison Norton
Built the Scurlock Studio into the definitive photographic chronicle of Black Washington, D.C., for six decades, becoming Howard University's official photographer and the portraitist whose work signified having “arrived socially” in the city's Black community
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Business & Misc.
Searles, Joseph L. III
First African American to do business on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange
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Press & Photography
Sengstacke, John Herman Henry
Inherited the Chicago Defender from his uncle, founder Robert Abbott, in 1940, converted it to a daily newspaper in 1956, and founded the National Newspaper Publishers Association the same week as Abbott’s death, uniting the country’s Black-owned newspapers into a collective national voice for the first time
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Seymour, William J.
Pentecostal ministry; led the Azusa Street Revival (1906-1909) in Los Angeles and published 'The Apostolic Faith' newspaper, spreading the doctrine of Spirit baptism evidenced by speaking in tongues
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Mathematics
Shabazz, Abdulalim A.
Mathematical analysis (distribution of eigenvalues) and, above all, transformative mathematics education and mentorship at historically Black colleges
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Business & Misc.
Shady Rest Golf and Country Club
First African American-owned and -operated golf and country club in the United States; a nine-hole course and cultural hub purchased and reorganized in 1921 by the Progressive Realty Company, a group of Black investors
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Shakur, Tupac Amaru
Became one of the most influential and best-selling recording artists in hip-hop history, selling more than 75 million records worldwide, and in 2017 was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as the first solo rap artist so honored, in his first year of eligibility
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Literature & Writing
Shange, Ntozake
Playwriting, poetry, and fiction; created the Obie Award-winning choreopoem 'for colored girls who have considered suicide / when the rainbow is enuf' (1975) and coined the 'choreopoem' form fusing poetry, dance, music, and song
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Press & Photography
Shaw, Bernard
Served as CNN’s first chief anchor from the network’s 1980 launch until his 2001 retirement, becoming, alongside correspondents Peter Arnett and John Holliman, one of the “Boys of Baghdad” whose live 1991 Gulf War broadcasts helped establish CNN as a credible major news outlet
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Sports & Athletics
Shell, Art
First Black head coach in the modern era of the NFL
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Visual Arts
Sherald, Amy
Portrait painting; monumental portraits of everyday Black Americans rendered with skin tones in grisaille (grayscale) against flat, vibrant color fields, shifting focus from racial categorization to individual presence
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Agriculture & Food
Sherrod, Shirley (Miller)
Co-founded New Communities, Inc. in 1969, the first formal community land trust in the United States and, at 6,000 acres, one of the largest Black-owned tracts of land in the country; became a central figure in the Pigford v. Glickman settlement, already profiled in this collection, and was forced to resign a federal post in 2010 after a selectively edited video clip falsely portrayed her as admitting racial bias, before officials reviewed the full speech and publicly apologized
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Sports & Athletics
Shippen, John
Early American golf professional; the first American-born and first African American golf professional to play in a U.S. Open (1896), and long-time professional at the Black-owned Shady Rest club
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Technology & Engineering
Shurney, Robert E.
NASA aerospace engineering: designed the lightweight aluminum/wire-mesh tires for the Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle and the Skylab waste-control system (space toilet), later the basis for the Space Shuttle's
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Shuttlesworth, Frederick Lee
Co-founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference with Martin Luther King Jr. in 1957 and led the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, organizing the 1963 Birmingham Campaign that Dr. King credited as decisive in securing passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, while surviving multiple assassination attempts including the 1956 bombing of his church parsonage
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Sports & Athletics
Sifford, Charlie
First Black member of the PGA Tour; first Black golfer to win a PGA Tour event
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Science & Medicine
Simon, Arlyne
Patented blood test for detecting organ transplant rejection in cancer patients
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Simone, Nina (Eunice Kathleen Waymon)
Classically trained pianist who became one of the civil rights movement's most direct musical voices after a music conservatory's rejection she attributed to racial discrimination; wrote 'Mississippi Goddam' in under an hour following the 1963 Birmingham church bombing
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Press & Photography
Simpson, Carole Estelle
Became the first African American woman to anchor a major U.S. network newscast when NBC News hired her as a correspondent in 1975, and, after 15 years anchoring ABC’s World News Tonight weekend edition, became in 1992 the first woman and first person of color to serve as sole moderator of a U.S. presidential debate
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Architecture & Design
Sims, Howard
Founded the architecture firm SDG Associates in Detroit
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Agriculture & Food
Singleton, Benjamin "Pap"
Organized the “Exoduster” migration that helped lead tens of thousands of formerly enslaved Southerners to claim independent farmland in Kansas under the Homestead Act, founding the Edgefield Real Estate and Homestead Association and Black farming colonies including Singleton Colony and Dunlap Colony
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Singleton, John Daniel
Youngest person and first African American ever nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director, at age 24, for 1991's 'Boyz n the Hood,' which he directly described as inspired by seeing Spike Lee's 'Do the Right Thing'
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Science & Medicine
Sinkford, Jeanne Craig
First female dean of Howard University College of Dentistry; first female prosthodontist with a doctoral degree
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Architecture & Design
Sklarek, Norma Merrick
First Black woman licensed as an architect in both New York and California; co-founded the largest woman-owned architecture firm of its era
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Press & Photography
Sleet, Moneta J. Jr.
Became the first African American man to win the Pulitzer Prize and the first person to win it while working for a Black-owned publication, awarded in 1969 for his photograph of Coretta Scott King at Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral
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Education
Slowe, Lucy Diggs
First Black woman to serve as a university Dean of Women anywhere in the United States; first African American woman to win a national title in any sport; co-founder of Alpha Kappa Alpha, the first sorority founded by Black women
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Agriculture & Food
Smalls, Alexander
Won a Grammy and Tony Award as part of the cast recording of 'Porgy and Bess' before becoming a celebrated restaurateur of Southern and Lowcountry cuisine; co-authored 'Between Harlem and Heaven,' which won the James Beard Award for Best American Cookbook
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Military & Safety
Smalls, Robert
Commandeered the Confederate steamship CSS Planter in Charleston Harbor in May 1862, freeing himself, his family, and twelve other enslaved people and delivering the ship to the Union Navy, becoming the first African American captain of a U.S. military vessel
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Agriculture & Food
Smith, B. (Barbara Elaine)
Pioneering Black supermodel turned restaurateur and lifestyle entrepreneur; her Style Collection became the first home goods line by a Black woman sold in a nationwide retail chain; publicly disclosed her early-onset Alzheimer's diagnosis to help destigmatize the disease within Black communities
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Press & Photography
Smith, Beuford
Joined the Kamoinge Workshop as an early member in 1965 and later served as its president, co-founded the Black Photographers Annual in 1972, and spent six decades documenting Black community life, jazz musicians, and street scenes in New York City
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Science & Medicine
Smith, James McCune
First African American to earn a medical degree (University of Glasgow, 1837); also the first African American to own and operate a pharmacy in the U.S. and the first to publish in peer-reviewed medical journals
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Press & Photography
Smith, John Wendell
Recommended Jackie Robinson to Brooklyn Dodgers general manager Branch Rickey and served as Robinson’s traveling companion, ghostwriter, and confidant through his 1946-47 integration of professional baseball, work recognized posthumously with the Baseball Hall of Fame’s J.G. Taylor Spink Award in 1993
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Smith, LaQuan
Built an internationally recognized womenswear brand after being rejected by both major fashion schools he applied to
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Agriculture & Food
Smith, Lucille Bishop
Created the first commercially sold boxed hot roll mix, a foundational product in the convenience food industry
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Press & Photography
Smith, Ming
Became the first Black woman member of the Kamoinge Workshop around 1973 and, in 1979, the first African American woman photographer whose work was acquired by the Museum of Modern Art’s permanent collection
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Business & Misc.
Smith, Robert F.
Founded Vista Equity Partners, a $100+ billion software-focused private equity firm; became the wealthiest African American
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Sports & Athletics
Smith, Tommie
Won gold in the 200m at the 1968 Olympics; staged a silent raised-fist protest against racial injustice on the medal stand
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Smith, Willard Carroll Jr.
Starred in 'The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air,' widely regarded as a watershed moment for hip-hop's entry into mainstream television; became the fifth Black actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Smith, Willi
Founded WilliWear (1976); a pioneer of "street couture"/streetwear and, at his death in 1987, considered the most commercially successful Black American fashion designer of the 20th century
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Business & Misc.
Smitherman, A.J. (Andrew Jackson)
Founded the Tulsa Star, a Black newspaper that informed Greenwood residents of their legal rights and documented racial violence
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Smoot, Lanny
Immersive entertainment technology, robotics, special effects for theme parks
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Business & Misc.
Spaulding, Charles Clinton
Served as General Manager and later third president of North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company for nearly three decades
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Military & Safety
Spikes, Richard B.
Automatic safety brake system for vehicles; multiple automotive safety devices
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Education
Spruill, Lonnie C. Jr.
Co-founded Iota Phi Theta Fraternity in 1963 and became its second national president
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Business & Misc.
St. John, Lilla
First African American woman to pass the New York Stock Exchange licensing examination
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Stanard, John
Improved refrigerator (manually filled ice chamber with better insulation and air circulation); also an improved oil stove
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Architecture & Design
Stanley, William J. III
First African American graduate of the Georgia Tech School of Architecture; co-founded Stanley, Love-Stanley, PC
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Education
Stemons, Arizona Cleaver
Founding president of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority in 1920, formed at the direct suggestion of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity brothers, making it the only sorority constitutionally bound to a Black fraternity
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Mathematics
Stephens, Clarence Francis
Ninth African American to earn a PhD in mathematics; developed the 'Morgan-Potsdam Model' of mathematics teaching, built on the belief that every student who wanted to learn mathematics could succeed at it
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Business & Misc.
Stephens, Theora
Improved pressing and curling iron design
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Technology & Engineering
Steward, David L.
Co-founded World Wide Technology in 1990 and served as chairman, building a global enterprise technology company and expanding African American ownership in the technology industry.
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Stewart, Thomas W.
Improved mop with a clamping head and lever-operated wringer, plus a detachable/replaceable mop head
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Science & Medicine
Stith, James H.
Leadership across multiple national physics professional organizations
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Law & Civil Rights
Stokes, Carl Burton
First African American elected mayor of a major U.S. city
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Industrial & Mechanical
Stokes, Rufus
Invented the “Clean Air Machine,” a self-taught engineer's air-purification device that reduced gas and ash emissions from industrial furnace and power-plant smokestacks, patented in 1968 and improved in 1970
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Press & Photography
Stone, Charles Sumner “Chuck” Jr.
Became the first Black columnist at the Philadelphia Daily News in 1972, syndicated to nearly 100 publications, and co-founded and served as the first president of the National Association of Black Journalists in 1975
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Military & Safety
Stowers, Freddie
Became the only African American awarded the Medal of Honor for World War I service, posthumously recognized in 1991: 73 years after his death, for leading his depleted squad in a successful assault after German troops feigned surrender and ambushed his company
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Business & Misc.
Stradford, J.B. (John the Baptist)
Built the Stradford Hotel, the largest Black-owned hotel in the United States; co-developed Tulsa's Greenwood District
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Industrial & Mechanical
Stringfield, Bessie (Betsy Beatrice White)
Taught herself motorcycle mechanics entirely out of necessity after mechanics across the segregated South repeatedly refused to service her bike, becoming skilled enough to maintain her own motorcycles across eight solo cross-country trips and four years as a U.S. Army civilian dispatch rider; later opened her own motorcycle repair shop in Miami and taught mechanics classes to her community
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Mathematics
Stubblefield, Beauregard
Overcame repeated graduate-school rejections to earn a PhD in topology from the University of Michigan in 1959; helped establish the National Association of Mathematicians as an international organization and approved its first major federal grant in 1978
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Law & Civil Rights
Sturns, Louis
First African American appointed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
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Education
Sumner, Francis Cecil
First African American to earn a PhD in psychology; known as 'the Father of Black Psychology' for building Howard University's psychology department into a national training ground for Black psychologists
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Business & Misc.
Sutton, Percy Ellis
Co-founded Inner City Broadcasting Corporation in 1971, purchasing WLIB-AM as New York City's first Black-owned radio station, then rescued Harlem's Apollo Theater from bankruptcy in 1981
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Technology & Engineering
Sweeney, Latanya
Data privacy and re-identification research; algorithmic fairness in computing
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Mathematics
Talbot, Walter R.
Mathematics research and a long career in teaching and department leadership at historically Black colleges
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Architecture & Design
Tandy, Vertner Woodson
Co-founded Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity in 1906; designed landmark Harlem church and Madam C.J. Walker's estate Villa Lewaro
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Visual Arts
Tanner, Henry Ossawa
First African American painter to achieve international acclaim
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Education
Taylor, A. Langston
Co-founded Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity in 1914; coined its motto and helped establish Zeta Phi Beta as the only constitutionally bound sister sorority to a Black fraternity
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Taylor, Gardner Calvin
Co-founded the Progressive National Baptist Convention in 1961 after a contested National Baptist Convention presidential election tied to support for Martin Luther King Jr.'s civil rights tactics
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Sports & Athletics
Taylor, Marshall 'Major'
First African American to win a world championship in cycling, and the first in any sport
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Architecture & Design
Taylor, Robert Robinson
First accredited Black architect in the United States; designed and constructed numerous Tuskegee Institute buildings
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Press & Photography
Taylor, Susan L.
Rose from freelance beauty editor to editor-in-chief of Essence magazine, a post she held from 1981 to 2000, becoming, according to a 1994 American Libraries assessment, “the most influential black woman in journalism” of her era
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Military & Safety
Taylor, Susie King
Became the first African American Army nurse in U.S. history, serving four years unpaid with the 1st South Carolina/33rd U.S. Colored Troops, and the only Black woman to publish a Civil War memoir
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Industrial & Mechanical
Temple, Lewis
Toggle harpoon head for whaling
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Press & Photography
Terry, Wallace Houston II
Served as Time magazine’s first Black war correspondent on permanent duty in Vietnam, covering the Tet Offensive and combat missions from 1967 to 1969, then spent over a decade compiling Bloods (1984), the landmark oral history of Black Vietnam veterans that inspired Spike Lee’s Da 5 Bloods
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Tharpe, Sister Rosetta
Electric-guitar pioneer who fused gospel, blues, and driving rhythm and helped establish the musical foundations of rock and roll
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Visual Arts
Thomas, Alma Woodsey
First African American woman to have a solo exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art
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Military & Safety
Thomas, Charles Leroy
Received the Medal of Honor posthumously in 1997 for volunteering to ride in the lead vehicle of an assault on Climbach, France, in December 1944, drawing enemy fire onto himself and directing his platoon's counterattack despite severe wounds, one of seven Black WWII veterans honored after a 1990s Army study confirmed racial discrimination had denied Black soldiers fair Medal of Honor consideration
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Law & Civil Rights
Thomas, Lawson E.
First African American judge in the American South since Reconstruction
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Technology & Engineering
Thomas, Valerie
Illusion transmitter (3D image projection technology)
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Science & Medicine
Thomas, Vivien
Surgical technique development for treating 'blue baby syndrome'
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Press & Photography
Thompson, Era Bell
Served as international editor of Ebony magazine for roughly two decades within a nearly 40-year career at Johnson Publishing Company, traveling to 124 countries and shaping the magazine’s global coverage of the African diaspora
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Technology & Engineering
Thompson, John Henry
Developed Lingo, the scripting language for Macromedia Director multimedia software
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Sports & Athletics
Thompson, John Jr.
First African American head coach to win a major college basketball championship
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Architecture & Design
Thompson, Martha Cassell
One of the first two African American women to graduate from Cornell University in 1948; chief restoration architect for the Washington National Cathedral
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Thurman, Howard Washington
Theologian and mystic whose writings and personal mentorship directly shaped Martin Luther King Jr.'s nonviolent philosophy; co-founded the first major interracial, interdenominational church in the United States
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Agriculture & Food
Tillery, Julius
Fifth-generation North Carolina farmer, founder of BlackCotton, and advocate for Black farmland and agricultural entrepreneurship
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Law & Civil Rights
Tillman, Harrel
First African American municipal court judge in Texas (1964); actor and pastor
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Literature & Writing
Tipton-Martin, Toni
Became the first Black food reporter at the Los Angeles Times and first Black food editor of a major newspaper at The Plain Dealer; authored 'The Jemima Code,' which traced two centuries of African American cookbooks and won the James Beard Award for Research and Scholarship despite an agent initially telling her there was no market for the subject
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Press & Photography
Tolliver, Melba
Became the first Black person to anchor a network news program in the United States in 1967 when, as an ABC secretary, she filled in on air during a broadcasting strike, then spent nearly three decades as a New York City television reporter and anchor at WABC, WNBC, and News 12 Long Island
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Tolton, Augustus (John Augustine)
First publicly recognized African American Catholic priest in the United States; now a candidate for Catholic sainthood
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Literature & Writing
Toomer, Jean
Modernist poetry and fiction; his genre-blending masterwork 'Cane' (1923) wove prose, poetry, and drama to portray African American life in the rural South and urban North
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Toussaint, Pierre
Formerly enslaved New York hairdresser whose lifelong philanthropy helped fund Old St. Patrick's Cathedral and the city's first Black Catholic school; a leading candidate to become the first African American Catholic saint
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Townsend, Robert
Self-financed and directed 'Hollywood Shuffle' in 1987, a satire of the racial stereotyping faced by Black actors, financed entirely through his own savings and multiple credit card applications
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Press & Photography
Trotter, William Monroe
Founded the Boston Guardian in 1901 to campaign against Booker T. Washington’s accommodationist politics and for full Black civil rights, establishing himself as the militant conscience of the early 20th-century Black press
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Truth, Sojourner (Isabella Baumfree)
Took on a divinely-inspired new name and identity in 1843 to become an itinerant preacher, building a decades-long ministry that fused evangelism with abolitionism and women's rights advocacy
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Military & Safety
Tubman, Harriet
Served the Union Army as a nurse, scout, and spy, then became the first woman in U.S. history to plan and lead an armed military expedition, the June 1863 Combahee Ferry Raid, which liberated more than 700 enslaved people
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Science & Medicine
Turner, Charles Henry
Pioneering research in zoology, entomology, and comparative psychology, the study of insect behavior and cognition; demonstrated that insects can hear and distinguish pitch, that bees perceive color and visual patterns, and that insects (e.g., cockroaches) can learn from experience
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Turner, Henry McNeal
First Southern bishop of the AME Church; first Black U.S. Army chaplain; leading late 19th-century advocate of Black emigration to Africa and Pan-African religious expansion
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Turner, Madeline M.
'Turner's Fruit-Press', a mechanical fruit/citrus juicer that fed fruit through cutters to halve it, then pressed the juice between plates in a multi-stage, assembly-line-like process
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Business & Misc.
Turner, Viola Mitchell
Rose from cashier-clerk to senior financial leadership at North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, a cornerstone of Durham's 'Black Wall Street'
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Press & Photography
Tyler, Ralph Waldo
Became the only African American war correspondent officially accredited by the U.S. government during World War I, reporting from the front lines in France on the achievements and discrimination faced by Black soldiers of the 92nd and 93rd Divisions
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Tyson, Cicely Louise
Deliberately refused demeaning, stereotypical roles throughout the 1970s, accepting unemployment rather than play characters she considered characterless; earned an Academy Honorary Award in 2018 for a seven-decade career centering complex Black women
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Science & Medicine
Tyson, Neil deGrasse
Astrophysics research (stellar evolution, galactic structure and astronomy, cosmology) and public science communication; director of the Hayden Planetarium, overseeing its $210M reconstruction
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Valdes, Zelda Wynn
Designed the original Playboy Bunny costume
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Press & Photography
Van Der Zee, James Augustus
Produced the most comprehensive photographic chronicle of the Harlem Renaissance, running his Harlem studio from 1916 for over four decades and creating stylized portraits that both documented and helped shape the era's image of Black middle-class aspiration and pride
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Van Peebles, Melvin (Melvin Peebles)
Wrote, directed, produced, edited, scored, and starred in 1971's 'Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song,' the independently financed film that launched the Blaxploitation genre and was, at the time, the highest-grossing independent film ever made
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Education
Van Sertima, Ivan Gladstone
Authored 'They Came Before Columbus' (1976), a widely read but scientifically rejected argument for pre-Columbian African contact with the Americas
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Press & Photography
Vann, Robert Lee
Built the Pittsburgh Courier from a struggling startup into the largest African American newspaper in the country, reaching a circulation of 250,000 by 1938, and helped engineer the historic 1932 shift of Black voters from the Republican to the Democratic Party
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
Varick, James
Founded the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and, in 1822, became its first bishop after leading a two-decade struggle to free the denomination from white Methodist Episcopal control, building what became one of the largest historically Black denominations in the United States
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Technology & Engineering
Vaughan, Dorothy
Electronic computing and FORTRAN programming at NACA/NASA Langley; taught herself and her staff FORTRAN to prepare the center's transition from human to machine computing; headed the programming section of the Analysis and Computation Division and contributed to the Scout Launch Vehicle Program
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Science & Medicine
Wakefield-Paillet, Emma
First African American woman to earn a medical degree (1897) and to practice medicine in Louisiana
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Business & Misc.
Walker Shaw, Patricia
Led Universal Life Insurance Company as the third generation of her family to head the company
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Business & Misc.
Walker, A. Maceo
Led Universal Life Insurance Company for over three decades, continuing his father's legacy of community investment
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Literature & Writing
Walker, Alice
First African American woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, awarded in 1983 for 'The Color Purple'
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Science & Medicine
Walker, Arthur Bertram Cuthbert Jr.
Developed normal incidence multilayer XUV telescopes for photographing the solar corona
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Business & Misc.
Walker, J.E. (Joseph Edison)
Founded Universal Life Insurance Company, which became the fourth-largest Black-owned life insurance company in the United States
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Visual Arts
Walker, Kara
Contemporary art using room-size black cut-paper silhouette tableaux, drawing, painting, projection, sculpture, and film to interrogate race, gender, sexuality, and violence in the narratives of the antebellum South
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Business & Misc.
Walker, Madam C.J. (Sarah Breedlove)
Built a hair care empire training tens of thousands of Black women as sales agents; recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the first female self-made millionaire in America
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Business & Misc.
Walker, Maggie Lena
First Black woman to charter and serve as president of a bank in the United States
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Industrial & Mechanical
Walker, Moses Fleetwood
Exploding artillery shell; motion picture reel loading and changing mechanisms
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Business & Misc.
Walker, Solomon W.
Founded the Pilgrim Benevolent Aid Association, which grew into Pilgrim Health and Life Insurance Company, the first insurer for African Americans in Georgia
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Wallace, Christopher George Latore “The Notorious B.I.G.”
Revived New York City's East Coast hip-hop scene with his 1994 debut album, Ready to Die, and became one of the most influential rappers in the genre's history, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2020
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Sports & Athletics
Wallace, William Darrell 'Bubba' Jr.
First African American to become a full-time NASCAR Cup Series driver since Wendell Scott, already profiled in this collection; ended a 58-year drought to become the second Black driver ever to win a Cup Series race, in 2021 at Talladega, the same week the FBI investigated a noose found in his garage stall
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Literature & Writing
Ward, Jesmyn
Fiction and memoir centered on poor Black families and communities on the Mississippi Gulf Coast; novels 'Salvage the Bones' (2011) and 'Sing, Unburied, Sing' (2017) and the memoir 'Men We Reaped' (2013)
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Law & Civil Rights
Warnock, Raphael Gamaliel
First African American to represent Georgia in the U.S. Senate; first Black Democrat elected to the Senate from a former Confederate state
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Press & Photography
Washington, Augustus
Built one of the most successful daguerreotype studios in antebellum Hartford, Connecticut, then emigrated to Liberia in 1853 to become one of the earliest professional photographers to work in West Africa, documenting the young republic’s political and merchant elite
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Education
Washington, Booker Taliaferro
Founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881; most influential Black educator and political figure in the United States from the 1890s until his death
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Washington, Denzel
First Black actor to win Academy Awards in both lead and supporting acting categories
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Law & Civil Rights
Washington, Harold
First African American mayor of Chicago
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Agriculture & Food
Washington, Karen
Co-founded the Garden of Happiness in 1988 and Black Urban Growers (BUGS) in 2009, building the Bronx's community-garden network and launching the country's largest annual gathering of Black urban farmers; coined the term “food apartheid”
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Sports & Athletics
Washington, Kenny
First African American to sign an NFL contract in the modern post-World War II era
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Washington, Lula
Founded the Lula Washington Dance Theatre in 1980, building it into one of the most respected African American contemporary dance companies in the Western United States; choreographed for the films 'Avatar' and 'The Little Mermaid'
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Sports & Athletics
Washington, MaliVai
Most recent African American man to reach a Wimbledon singles final
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Architecture & Design
Washington, Roberta
Founded Roberta Washington Architects, a full-service architectural design and planning firm in New York City
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Business & Misc.
Washington, Sarah Spencer
Founded Apex News and Hair Company; beauty product chemistry innovation
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Mathematics
Washington, Talitha
First African American to earn a mathematics PhD from the University of Connecticut (2001); built the multi-institution Atlanta University Center Data Science Initiative and the NSF National Data Science Alliance expanding data science education across HBCUs
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Science & Medicine
Washington, Warren M.
Pioneering development of computer-based atmospheric and climate models; among the first to build general-circulation climate models and to incorporate oceans and sea ice, foundational to modern climate prediction and IPCC assessments
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AI & Social Media
Wasow, Omar
Co-founded BlackPlanet in September 1999, one of the first true social networking sites, predating Friendster, MySpace, and Facebook by years, built specifically as a digital gathering space for Black internet users
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Waters, Ethel
First African American to star in her own television show in 1939; first African American woman nominated for a Primetime Emmy; second African American ever nominated for an Academy Award
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Law & Civil Rights
Waters, Maxine Moore
Most senior Black woman in Congress; first woman and first African American to chair the House Financial Services Committee
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Law & Civil Rights
Watkins, Craig
First African American elected District Attorney in Texas history
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Military & Safety
Watson, George
Received the Medal of Honor posthumously in 1997 for repeatedly risking his life to pull drowning soldiers to safety after his ship was sunk by Japanese bombers off New Guinea in March 1943, until exhaustion cost him his own life
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Wayans, Keenen Ivory Desuma
Co-wrote and co-starred in 'Hollywood Shuffle' alongside Robert Townsend, already profiled in this collection; created 'In Living Color,' the first major Black-led network sketch comedy show, launching the careers of Jim Carrey, Jamie Foxx, and Jennifer Lopez
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Agriculture & Food
Weaver, Fawn
Founded Uncle Nearest Premium Whiskey in 2017 to honor Nathan “Nearest” Green, America's first known Black master distiller, building it into the best-selling Black-owned spirits brand in U.S. history
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Law & Civil Rights
Weaver, Robert Clifton
First African American to serve in a U.S. presidential cabinet
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Visual Arts
Weems, Carrie Mae
Photography and interdisciplinary art combining staged images, text, audio, and video to examine race, gender, family, and power in American life; best known for 'The Kitchen Table Series' (1990)
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Industrial & Mechanical
Welburn, Edward Thomas Jr.
Became the first Black automotive designer hired by General Motors in 1972 and rose to Vice President of GM Global Design from 2005 to 2016, making him the highest-ranking Black executive in the history of the global automotive industry and overseeing the design of vehicles from the Chevrolet Corvette to the U.S. presidential limousine
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Press & Photography
Wells-Barnett, Ida Bell
Pioneered investigative anti-lynching journalism, documenting and statistically analyzing hundreds of lynchings in the 1890s after co-owning and writing for the Memphis Free Speech, work that earned her a posthumous 2020 Pulitzer Prize Special Citation
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Science & Medicine
Welsing, Frances Cress
Psychiatrist and author who examined the psychological and social effects of racism and white supremacy
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Technology & Engineering
West, Gladys
Mathematician whose satellite-geodesy calculations and precise models of Earth helped establish foundations used by GPS
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Technology & Engineering
West, James E.
Foil electret microphone
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Science & Medicine
Wethers, Doris L.
Pediatrics and sickle cell disease; established hospital sickle cell programs and led the national push for universal newborn screening
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Agriculture & Food
Whatley, Booker T.
Developed the pick-your-own (U-Pick) farming model and the Clientele Membership Club, the direct-marketing system that became the template for modern Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)
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Literature & Writing
Wheatley, Phillis
First African American to publish a book of poetry
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Visual Arts
White, Charles
Painting, drawing, printmaking, and murals chronicling African American history, dignity, and struggle in bold, sculptural, social-realist forms; famed for the mural 'The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy' (1943)
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Household & Domestic Inventions
White, John Thomas
Improved lemon squeezer: a three-part (press, strainer, receptacle) hinged device that extracts juice while separating seeds and pulp and catching the juice
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Law & Civil Rights
White, Walter Francis
Led the NAACP as executive secretary for 24 years; personally investigated more than 40 lynchings and 8 race riots undercover, using his light complexion to pass as white at grave personal risk
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Literature & Writing
Whitehead, Colson
First writer to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for two consecutive novels, 'The Underground Railroad' and 'The Nickel Boys'
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Technology & Engineering
Whitlow, Woodrow Jr.
Aeronautics research at NASA Langley Research Center; academic leadership in engineering
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Agriculture & Food
Wicks, Catherine 'Kate' Speck
Separately credited by name in her own obituary as the actual originator of the potato chip, a claim distinct from her brother George Crum's more widely told version
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Architecture & Design
Wigington, Clarence 'Cap'
First Black municipal architect in the United States
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Law & Civil Rights
Wilder, L. Douglas
First African American elected governor of any U.S. state
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Visual Arts
Wiley, Kehinde
Portrait painting; large-scale, vividly colored naturalistic portraits that place contemporary Black subjects in the heroic poses of European Old Master paintings, set against ornate decorative backgrounds
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Education
Wilfred, Ramarni
British student who reportedly scored 162 on an approved intelligence assessment at age 11 and qualified for Mensa
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Press & Photography
Wilkerson, Isabel
Became the first Black woman to win the Pulitzer Prize in journalism, awarded in 1994 for feature writing as Chicago Bureau Chief of The New York Times, and went on to author The Warmth of Other Suns and Caste, two of the most acclaimed and widely read works of American nonfiction of the twenty-first century
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Science & Medicine
Wilkins, J. Ernest Jr.
Nuclear physics research, Manhattan Project
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Law & Civil Rights
Wilkins, Roy Ottoway
Led the NAACP for 22 years as executive secretary and director, guiding the organization through Brown v. Board of Education, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965; helped organize the 1963 March on Washington
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Williams, Ann Marie (Annie Marie Ferrell)
Founded the Dallas Black Dance Theatre in 1976, the oldest continuously operating dance company in Dallas and one of the largest African American dance troupes in the country; studied directly under Arthur Mitchell, already profiled in this collection
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Military & Safety
Williams, Cathay
First Black woman to enlist in the U.S. Army; only documented woman to serve as a Buffalo Soldier
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Science & Medicine
Williams, Daniel Hale
Pioneering open-heart surgical procedure
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Sports & Athletics
Williams, Doug
First Black quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl, and to be named Super Bowl MVP
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Business & Misc.
Williams, John and Loula
Built and operated the Dreamland Theatre, among the most prominent Black-owned businesses in Tulsa's Greenwood District
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Transportation
Williams, Joseph Banks
First African American to graduate from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy
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Technology & Engineering
Williams, Oswald S. 'Ozzie'
Designed aircraft and spacecraft propulsion/control systems: an early experimental airborne radar/radio beacon for locating crashed aircraft, and the reaction-control rocket-engine systems (small steering thrusters) for NASA's Apollo lunar module
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Architecture & Design
Williams, Paul Revere
Designed thousands of buildings including iconic Los Angeles landmarks; developed innovative drafting and design adaptations
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Mathematics
Williams, Scott W.
Set-theoretic topology and topological dynamics; in 1975 became the first topologist to apply the concept of scales (now known as b=d) to give a partial solution of the Box Product problem
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Sports & Athletics
Williams, Serena
Won more Grand Slam singles titles than any other woman in the Open Era
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Sports & Athletics
Williams, Venus
First Black man or woman to hold the world No. 1 tennis ranking since the ATP and WTA rankings began; most decorated tennis player in Olympic history
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Law & Civil Rights
Willis, Archie Walter Jr.
Co-founded Memphis's first integrated law firm; first African American elected to the Tennessee General Assembly since Reconstruction
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Literature & Writing
Wilson, August
Playwriting; created the ten-play 'Pittsburgh Cycle' (Century Cycle), each drama set in a different decade chronicling the 20th-century African American experience
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Wilson, Flip (Clerow Wilson Jr.)
First African American to host a successful weekly network variety show; his 'Geraldine' character's catchphrase 'What you see is what you get' inspired the computing term WYSIWYG
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Architecture & Design
Wilson, John Louis Jr.
Designed the Harlem River Houses public housing project; one of the first African American architects registered in New York State
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Transportation
Wilson, Stephanie D.
Spacecraft systems engineering; ISS robotics operations
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Winfrey, Oprah Gail
First Black woman billionaire; built one of the most influential and highest-rated talk shows in American television history
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Military & Safety
Winters, Joseph R.
Wagon-mounted fire escape ladder, with later improvements including a version that could be affixed to buildings
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Business & Misc.
Wisdom, Ashlee
Founded Health in Her Hue, a platform connecting women of color with culturally sensitive healthcare providers
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Press & Photography
Withers, Ernest Columbus Sr.
Photographed nearly every major event of the Southern civil rights movement over a 60-year career, including the Emmett Till murder trial, the Montgomery bus boycott, and the “I Am a Man” Memphis sanitation strike, while also, as revealed decades after his death, secretly reporting information about the movement to the FBI
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Arts, Music & Entertainment Tech
Wonder, Stevie (Stevland Hardaway Morris)
A blind child prodigy signed to Motown at age 11, became one of the most decorated recording artists in history with 25 Grammy Awards, the most ever won by a male solo artist, and produced a run of 1970s albums including Innervisions and Songs in the Key of Life widely regarded among the greatest in popular music
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Mathematics
Woodard, Dudley Weldon
Second African American to earn a PhD in mathematics; established the first graduate mathematics program at any historically Black college or university
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Science & Medicine
Woodby McKane, Alice
Co-founded the first hospital in Monrovia, Liberia
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Visual Arts
Woodruff, Hale
Painting and muralism; social-realist and later abstract work, best known for the 'Amistad Mutiny' murals (1939) at Talladega College and the 'Art of the Negro' murals at Atlanta University
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Technology & Engineering
Woods, Granville T.
Synchronous multiplex railway telegraph
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Education
Woodson, Carter Godwin
Founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History and created Negro History Week in 1926, the direct forerunner of Black History Month; second African American to earn a PhD from Harvard
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Business & Misc.
Wormley, James
Built one of Washington D.C.'s most prominent hotel businesses of the era
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Science & Medicine
Wright, Jane C.
Chemotherapy treatment protocols and drug delivery research
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Law & Civil Rights
Wright, Jonathan Jasper
First African American to serve on a state supreme court
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Science & Medicine
Wright, Louis T.
First clinical use of Aureomycin antibiotic on humans
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Literature & Writing
Wright, Richard
Author of 'Native Son,' the first book by an African American writer selected by the Book-of-the-Month Club
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Household & Domestic Inventions
Wright, Zephyr
White House cook for President Lyndon B. Johnson; personally influenced his support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Religious & Spiritual Leadership
X, Malcolm (el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz)
Rose to become the Nation of Islam's most prominent spokesperson before breaking with the organization in 1964, converting to Sunni Islam, and completing the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca
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Military & Safety
Young, Charles
Became the third African American to graduate from West Point (1889), the first Black U.S. national park superintendent, the first Black military attaché, and the highest-ranking Black officer in the Regular Army until his death, reaching colonel decades before the next Black officer would
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Press & Photography
Young, Plummer Bernard Sr.
Purchased a small fraternal newsletter for $3,050 in 1910 and built it over 52 years into the Norfolk Journal and Guide, the largest-circulation Black newspaper in the American South and, by many accounts, the best-edited Black newspaper in the country
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Science & Medicine
Young, Roger Arliner
Research in zoology and marine biology, the structures controlling salt concentration in Paramecium, fertilization in marine organisms, and the effects of radiation on sea urchin eggs
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