B
The Manual
Black Inventors & Pioneers
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Technology & Engineering
51 entries in this discipline.
Abebe, Rediet
Algorithmic fairness research
1991-
Adkins, Rodney
IBM's first African American corporate officer and Senior Vice President (2007); an engineering and development leader who helped launch the IBM ThinkPad and led IBM's Systems & Technology Group; inducted into the National Academy of Engineering (2005)
1958-
Alexander, Archie
Civil engineering for roads and bridges
1888-1958
Austin, Wanda M.
Aerospace and systems engineering: satellite and payload system acquisition, systems engineering, and system simulation for national-security space programs
1954-present
Bashen, Janet
Web-based EEO investigative software (LinkLine)
1957-
Booth, Virginia
First female National Chairperson of the National Society of Black Engineers
unknown
Bryant, Kimberly
Founded Black Girls CODE, a nonprofit teaching coding and technology skills to girls of color
1967-
Buolamwini, Joy Adowaa
Founded the Algorithmic Justice League after discovering commercial facial recognition software could not detect her own face unless she wore a white mask; co-authored 'Gender Shades,' which forced IBM, Microsoft, and Amazon to overhaul their facial recognition products
1989-
Cason, John
First elected president of the National Society of Black Engineers
unknown
Christian, John B.
Developed high-temperature, extreme-pressure synthetic greases and lubricants (polyol-ester and fluorinated-polysiloxane based) for high-speed aircraft and aerospace vehicles, performing from about -100F to 450F
unknown
Clay, Roy L.
Developed an early minicomputer for Hewlett-Packard; led HP's Research and Development Computer Group
1929-2024
Croak, Marian
Voice over IP (VoIP) technology development
1955-
Darden, Christine
Sonic boom minimization research for supersonic aircraft design
1942-
Dean, Mark
ISA bus development; co-creation of IBM personal computer
1957-
Easley, Annie
Computer programming for NASA energy and rocket research
1933-2011
Ellis, Clarence 'Skip'
First African American to earn a PhD in computer science (1969); pioneer of groupware and computer-supported cooperative work -- at Xerox PARC created OfficeTalk and pioneered operational transformation, the foundation of modern real-time collaborative editing (e.g., Google Docs); first Black Fellow of the ACM (1997)
1943-2014
Emeagwali, Philip
Programmed a CM-2 Connection Machine (massively parallel supercomputer) to run a computational fluid dynamics simulation for petroleum (oil) reservoir modeling
1954-present
Ericsson, Aprille Joy
Spacecraft mechanical engineering and aerospace instrumentation design
1963-
Fox, Brian J.
Original author of the Bash shell; early online banking website development
1959-
Gebru, Timnit
Co-authored 'Gender Shades,' a landmark 2018 study proving major facial recognition systems were significantly less accurate on darker-skinned faces; co-founded Black in AI; her controversial 2020 departure from Google sparked one of the most prominent public debates over corporate AI ethics research
1982/1983-
Gilbert, Juan E.
Prime III universal-design voting system
1969-
Gourdine, Meredith C.
Pioneering electrogasdynamics (EGD) technology — converting the kinetic energy of ionized, high-pressure gas into electricity; invented electrostatic precipitators ('Incineraid') to clear smoke and disperse runway fog, and the 'Focus Flow Heat Sink' for cooling computer chips
1929-1998
Grant, Howard P.
First Black graduate of UC Berkeley's College of Engineering; founded the Northern California Council of Black Professional Engineers
1925-1997
Greene, Frank S. Jr.
Designed high-speed semiconductor computer memory systems at Fairchild Semiconductor in the 1960s — among the fastest memory chips of their time — used in the ILLIAC IV supercomputer; pioneered redundant solid-state RAM
1938-2009
Harris, Anthony 'Tony'
Founded the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE)
unknown
Harris, Wesley L.
NASA Associate Administrator for Aeronautics; aerospace engineering professor
1941-
Holley, Kerrie (Expanded profile)
IBM Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) reference architecture
1954-
Howard, Ayanna
Machine learning and robotics for educational and assistive technology
1972-
Isbell, Charles Lee Jr.
AI and machine learning researcher who became dean of Georgia Tech's College of Computing, then provost of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, then chancellor of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; his own misidentified photograph became the center of a major public debate over AI bias between Timnit Gebru, already profiled in this collection, and Meta's chief AI scientist
1968-
Jackson, Mary
Aerospace engineering research at NASA
1921-2005
Johnson, Katherine
Orbital mechanics calculations for NASA spaceflight
1918-2020
Johnson, Lonnie George
Super Soaker water gun; thermal energy transfer research
1949-
Latimer, Lewis
Carbon filament for incandescent light bulbs; patent drafting for telephone
1848-1928
Lawson, Jerry
Fairchild Channel F video game console; cartridge-based gaming
1940-2011
Montague, Raye Jean
Created the first computer-generated rough draft/design of a U.S. naval ship; developed the computer program that produced complete frigate specifications in under 19 hours (a process that previously took about two years)
1935-2018
Mouton, Melba Roy
NASA computer programming and trajectory analysis; coded programs to compute spacecraft locations and trajectories and produced orbital element timetables for the Echo 1 and 2 satellites
1929-1990
Purvis, William B.
Improved fountain pen with an elastic feed tube that returned excess ink to the reservoir for even ink flow; also paper-bag-making machines, a self-inking hand stamp, a bag fastener, and a close-conduit electric railway system
1838-1914
Raji, Inioluwa Deborah
Co-authored the 2019 'Actionable Auditing' study with Joy Buolamwini, already profiled in this collection, directly leading Amazon to face sustained public pressure over racial and gender bias in its facial recognition technology; later co-authored major frameworks for internal AI accountability auditing alongside Timnit Gebru, also already profiled here
1995/1996-
Reid, Tahira
Double-Dutch jump rope mechanism / engineering design device
contemporary
Russell, Jesse E.
Digital cellular base station technology
1948-
Scott, Samuel J.
One of the first four Black engineers hired at NASA's Langley Research Center
unknown-2020
Shurney, Robert E.
NASA aerospace engineering: designed the lightweight aluminum/wire-mesh tires for the Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle and the Skylab waste-control system (space toilet), later the basis for the Space Shuttle's
1921-2007
Sweeney, Latanya
Data privacy and re-identification research; algorithmic fairness in computing
1972-
Thomas, Valerie
Illusion transmitter (3D image projection technology)
1943-
Thompson, John Henry
Developed Lingo, the scripting language for Macromedia Director multimedia software
1959-
Vaughan, Dorothy
Electronic computing and FORTRAN programming at NACA/NASA Langley; taught herself and her staff FORTRAN to prepare the center's transition from human to machine computing; headed the programming section of the Analysis and Computation Division and contributed to the Scout Launch Vehicle Program
1910-2008
West, Gladys
Mathematical modeling of Earth's geodetic shape, foundational to GPS technology
1930-2024
West, James E.
Foil electret microphone
1931-
Whitlow, Woodrow Jr.
Aeronautics research at NASA Langley Research Center; academic leadership in engineering
1952-
Williams, Oswald S. 'Ozzie'
Designed aircraft and spacecraft propulsion/control systems: an early experimental airborne radar/radio beacon for locating crashed aircraft, and the reaction-control rocket-engine systems (small steering thrusters) for NASA's Apollo lunar module
1921-2005
Woods, Granville T.
Synchronous multiplex railway telegraph
1856-1910